Contracting states Cooley, Alexander; Spruyt, Hendrik
2009., 20090420, 2009, 2009-04-20, 20090101
eBook
Increasingly today nation-states are entering into agreements that involve the sharing or surrendering of parts of their sovereign powers and often leave the cession of authority incomplete or vague. ...But until now, we have known surprisingly little about how international actors design and implement these mixed-sovereignty arrangements.Contracting Statesuses the concept of "incomplete contracts"--agreements that are intentionally ambiguous and subject to future renegotiation--to explain how states divide and transfer their sovereign territory and functions, and demonstrate why some of these arrangements offer stable and lasting solutions while others ultimately collapse.
Building on important advances in economics and law, Alexander Cooley and Hendrik Spruyt develop a highly original, interdisciplinary approach and apply it to a broad range of cases involving international sovereign political integration and disintegration. The authors reveal the importance of incomplete contracting in the decolonization of territories once held by Europe and the Soviet Union; U.S. overseas military basing agreements with host countries; and in regional economic-integration agreements such as the European Union. Cooley and Spruyt examine contemporary problems such as the Arab-Israeli dispute over water resources, and show why the international community inadequately prepared for Kosovo's independence.
Contracting Statesprovides guidance to international policymakers about how states with equally legitimate claims on the same territory or asset can create flexible, durable solutions and avoid violent conflict.
In the familiar tale of mass migration to France from 1880 onward, we know very little about the hundreds of thousands of women who formed a critical part of those migration waves. In Reproductive ...Citizens, Nimisha Barton argues that their relative absence in the historical record hints at a larger and more problematic oversight—the role of sex and gender in shaping the experiences of migrants to France before the Second World War. Barton's compelling history of social citizenship demonstrates how, through the routine application of social policies, state and social actors worked separately toward a shared goal: repopulating France with immigrant families. Filled with voices gleaned from census reports, municipal statistics, naturalization dossiers, court cases, police files, and social worker registers, Reproductive Citizens shows how France welcomed foreign-born men and women—mobilizing naturalization, family law, social policy, and welfare assistance to ensure they would procreate, bearing French-assimilated children. Immigrants often embraced these policies because they, too, stood to gain from pensions, family allowances, unemployment benefits, and French nationality. By striking this bargain, they were also guaranteed safety and stability on a tumultuous continent. Barton concludes that, in return for generous social provisions and refuge in dark times, immigrants joined the French nation through marriage and reproduction, breadwinning and child-rearing—in short, through families and family-making—which made them more French than even formal citizenship status could.
Choquette narrates the peopling of French Canada across the 17th and 18th centuries, the lesser known colonial phase of French migration. Drawing on French and Canadian archives, she carefully traces ...the precise origins of individual immigrants, describing them by gender, class, occupation, region, religion, age, and date of departure.
The Neoliberal Republi c traces the corrosive effects of the revolving door between public service and private enrichment on the French state and its ability to govern and regulate the private ...sector. Casting a piercing light on this circulation of influence among corporate lawyers and others in the French power elite, Antoine Vauchez and Pierre France analyze how this dynamic, a feature of all Western democracies, has developed in concert with the rise of neoliberalism over the past three decades. Based on interviews with dozens of public officials in France and a unique biographical database of more than 200 civil-servants-turned-corporate- lawyers, The Neoliberal Republic explores how the always-blurred boundary between public service and private interests has been critically compromised, enabling the transformation of the regulatory state into either an ineffectual bystander or an active collaborator in the privatization of public welfare. The cumulative effect of these developments, the authors reveal, undermines democratic citizenship and the capacity to imagine the public good.
Algerian migration to France began at the end of the 19th century, but in
recent years France's Algerian community has been the focus of a shifting public
debate encompassing issues of unemployment, ...multiculturalism, Islam, and terrorism.
In this finely crafted historical and anthropological study, Paul A. Silverstein
examines a wide range of social and cultural forms -- from immigration policy,
colonial governance, and urban planning to corporate advertising, sports, literary
narratives, and songs -- for what they reveal about postcolonial Algerian
subjectivities. Investigating the connection between anti-immigrant racism and the
rise of Islamist and Berberist ideologies among the second generation
(Beurs), he argues that the appropriation of these cultural-political
projects by Algerians in France represents a critique of notions of European or
Mediterranean unity and elucidates the mechanisms by which the Algerian civil war
has been transferred onto French soil.
Political economy, John Shovlin asserts, can illuminate the social and economic contexts out of which a revolutionary impulse developed in France. Beyond the role of political economy in political ...life, massive public engagement with problems of economic order mediated an enduring cultural transformation. Economic activity was reimagined as a patriotic pursuit, and economic agents-farmers, merchants, and manufacturers-came to be viewed as potential citizens.
Drawing on hundreds of political economic tracts published in France between the 1740s and the early nineteenth century, Shovlin shows how mid-level French elites (magistrates, clerics, lawyers, soldiers, landed gentlemen) sought to balance their interests and values with the need to regenerate a nation that had seemingly entered a period of decline. In their view, France's moral, political, and economic power depended not simply on expanding the national wealth but also on reviving civic spirit. The "political economy of virtue" held that luxury was the cause of the nation's economic and moral degeneration. When the monarchy failed to reform its political economic structures in the 1760s and 1770s, mid-level elites sought to eliminate the stranglehold of the plutocracy.
Shovlin argues that the Revolution grew out of a debate on how to establish a commercial society capable of fostering both wealth and virtue, and the revolutionaries sought to create such a society by destroying the institutions that channeled modern wealth into the hands of courtiers and financiers.
Tri gibanja, ki so opisana v tem članku, izhajajo iz angleško-škotskega, francoskega in slovenskega narodnostnega ozadja. Angleži so bili pri obravnavanju idej protestantizma zelo dosledni. Zelo ...zavzeti so bili tudi pri ohranjanju kontinuitete s starim ekleziastičnim redom. Posledica tega je bila, da je poimenovanje »protestantski« za kar nekaj časa ostalo v ozadju. To pa je hkrati pomenilo tudi začetek nekega drugega gibanja, imenovanega evangelijsko gibanje, kar pomeni »zanimati se za evangelij«, ki se je dokončno izoblikovalo šele v 19. stoletju. Ta zakasnitev je bila povezana predvsem z razvojem ideje svobodne cerkve v svobodni državi, ki so jo izkušali tako katoličani kot tudi protestantje. V vmesnem času pa je nastal dovolj dolg časovni presledek, tako da so Angleži premogli dovolj civilne in politične modrosti – in nastala je nova ekleziastična stvarnost anglikanske cerkve. Francozi so odločno zarezali na področje odnosa med sekularnostjo in ekleziastičnostjo. Slovensko gibanje pa je, kot navidezno nepomembno, ubralo povsem svojo ekleziastično smer. Za Slovence je bilo uradno izbrano poimenovanje svojega naroda tisto, ki je prineslo dovolj začetne moči, da so se lahko kasneje, v 20. stoletju, tudi politično osamosvojili. Če na koncu pod to obdobje potegnemo črto, lahko ugotovimo, da je reformacijsko gibanje srednjega veka v Evropo prineslo veliko mero raznolikosti.
Political moderation is the touchstone of democracy, which could not function without compromise and bargaining, yet it is one of the most understudied concepts in political theory. How can we ...explain this striking paradox? Why do we often underestimate the virtue of moderation? Seeking to answer these questions, A Virtue for Courageous Minds examines moderation in modern French political thought and sheds light on the French Revolution and its legacy.
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