Even as the evidence of global warming mounts, the international response to this serious threat is coming unraveled. The United States has formally withdrawn from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol; other key ...nations are facing difficulty in meeting their Kyoto commitments; and developing countries face no limit on their emissions of the gases that cause global warming. In this clear and cogent book-reissued in paperback with an afterword that comments on recent events--David Victor explains why the Kyoto Protocol was never likely to become an effective legal instrument. He explores how its collapse offers opportunities to establish a more realistic alternative.
With the constant emergence of new research and application possibilities, gaseous electronics is more important than ever in disciplines including engineering (electrical, power, mechanical, ...electronics, and environmental), physics, and electronics. The first resource of its kind, Gaseous Electronics: Tables, Atoms, and Molecules fulfills the author's vision of a stand-alone reference to condense 100 years of research on electron-neutral collision data into one easily searchable volume. It presents most—if not all—of the properly classified experimental results that scientists, researchers, and students require for a theoretical and practical understanding of collision properties and their impact. An unprecedented collection and analysis of electron neutral collision properties This book follows a new user-friendly format that enables readers to easily retrieve, analyze, and apply specific atomic/molecular information as needed. In his previous work, Gaseous Electronics: Theory and Practice, the author first explored electron–neutron interactions. To clarify the complex fundamental processes involved, he cited as much experimental data on atoms and molecules as limited space would allow. Completing that task, this handy reference more fully compiles essential revised data on more than 420 atoms and molecules, arranging it into easily digestible chapters, sections, and appendices. Analysis parameters include total scattering, ionization, excitation, attachment cross sections, ionization and attachment coefficients, attachment rates, and ion drift velocity. Some recent research areas in gaseous electronics include: * Environmentally efficient and protective lighting devices * * Plasma research for power generation and space applications * * Medical applications (some involving skin treatment and healing) * Written entirely in SI units, the book includes hundreds of tables, figures, and specially drawn charts, with data expressed in both tabular and graphical form. Each chapter stands independently and contains references for further research.
This current and comprehensive book provides an updated treatment of molecular gas dynamics topics for aerospace engineers, or anyone researching high-temperature gas flows for hypersonic vehicles ...and propulsion systems. It demonstrates how the areas of quantum mechanics, kinetic theory, and statistical mechanics can combine in order to facilitate the study of nonequilibrium processes of internal energy relaxation and chemistry. All of these theoretical ideas are used to explain the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, a numerical technique based on molecular simulation. Because this text provides comprehensive coverage of the physical models available for use in the DSMC method, in addition to the equations and algorithms required to implement the DSMC numerical method, readers will learn to solve nonequilibrium flow problems and perform computer simulations, and obtain a more complete understanding of various physical modeling options for DSMC than is available in other texts.
Recent emission measurement campaigns have improved our understanding of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the natural gas supply chain, the individual components that contribute to ...these emissions, and how these emissions vary geographically. However, our current understanding of natural gas supply chain emissions does not account for the linkages between specific production basins and consumers. This work provides a detailed life cycle perspective on how GHG emissions vary according to where natural gas is produced and where it is delivered. This is accomplished by disaggregating transmission and distribution infrastructure into six regions, balancing natural gas supply and demand locations to infer the likely pathways between production and delivery, and incorporating new data on distribution meters. The average transmission distance for U.S. natural gas is 815 km but ranges from 45 to 3000 km across estimated production-to-delivery pairings. In terms of 100-year global warming potentials, the delivery of one megajoule (MJ) of natural gas to the Pacific region has the highest mean life cycle GHG emissions (13.0 g CO2e/MJ) and the delivery of natural gas to the Northeast U.S. has the lowest mean life cycle GHG emissions (8.1 g CO2e/MJ). The cradle-to-delivery scenarios developed in this work show that a national average does not adequately represent the upstream GHG emission intensity for natural gas from a specific basin or delivered to a specific consumer.
Rapid identification of anomalous methane sources in oil/gas fields could enable corrective action to fight climate change. The GHGSat‐D satellite instrument measuring atmospheric methane with ...50‐meter spatial resolution was launched in 2016 to demonstrate space‐based monitoring of methane point sources. Here we report the GHGSat‐D discovery of an anomalously large, persistent methane source (10–43 metric tons per hour, detected in over 50% of observations) at a gas compressor station in Central Asia, together with additional sources (4–32 metric tons per hour) nearby. The TROPOMI satellite instrument confirms the magnitude of these large emissions going back to at least November 2017. We estimate that these sources released 142 ± 34 metric kilotons of methane to the atmosphere from February 2018 through January 2019, comparable to the 4‐month total emission from the well‐documented Aliso Canyon blowout.
Plain Language Summary
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that is emitted from a variety of natural processes and human activities. Reducing methane emissions from oil/gas production and transmission facilities is considered to be one of the most immediately actionable ways to abate climate change, because the captured methane can be sold. Studies of U.S. oil/gas fields have shown that a small number of high‐emitting facilities are responsible for the bulk of the total emission from oil/gas operations. So far, the only way to identify and quantify these sources has been through field studies involving aircraft and ground‐based observations, but these are expensive, and much of the world cannot be observed in this way. Here we use satellite instruments to identify and quantify anomalously large point sources from an oil/gas field in Central Asia. Our work shows how satellite instruments can be used to monitor methane emissions from individual point sources across the world. It points to an observing strategy where instruments with global coverage at coarse spatial resolution can first identify methane hot spots and then instruments with fine spatial resolution but limited coverage can zoom in to identify the facilities responsible for the hot spots.
Key Points
The GHGSat‐D satellite instrument with 50‐m resolution discovered very large methane point sources from oil/gas production in Central Asia
These large emissions were confirmed by the TROPOMI satellite instrument and extended over at least a year
Persistently large emissions from a gas compressor station (10–43 t hr−1 in >50% of observations) were observed over an 11‐month period
En los debates sobre política climática suele omitirse que, por el momento, no se espera una eliminación completa de los combustibles fósiles. En la mayoría de los países no hay voluntad política ...para llevarla a cabo ni está prevista en los planes a largo plazo. La narrativa de los combustibles fósiles limpios y de «bajas emisiones» pone obstáculos en una discusión crucial para la agenda climática global.
Oil and gas well leakage is of public concern primarily due to the perceived risks of aquifer contamination and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study examined well leakage data from the British ...Columbia Oil and Gas Commission (BC OGC) to identify leakage pathways and initially quantify incident rates of leakage and GHG emissions from leaking wells. Three types of leakage are distinguished: “surface casing vent flow” (SCVF), “outside the surface casing leakage” (OSCL), and “cap leakage” (CL). In British Columbia (BC), the majority of reported incidents involve SCVF of gases, which does not pose a risk of aquifer contamination but does contribute to GHG emissions. Reported liquid leakage of brines and hydrocarbons is rarer. OSCL and CL of gas are more serious problems due to the risk of long-term leakage from abandoned wells; some were reported to be leaking gas several decades after they were permanently abandoned. According to the requirements of provincial regulation, 21,525 have been tested for leakage. In total, 2,329 wells in BC have had reported leakage during the lifetime of the well. This represents 10.8% of all wells in the assumed test population. However, it seems likely that wells drilled and/or abandoned before 2010 have unreported leakage. In BC, the total GHG emission from gas SCVF is estimated to reach about 75,000 t/y based on the existing inventory calculation; however, this number is likely higher due to underreporting.
El presente artículo muestra la segunda fase de desarrollo de la propuesta de diseño, construcción y evaluación de un generador de hidrógeno para bicicleta que será incorporado a un motor de dos (2) ...tiempos como alternativa de movilidad en la ciudad de Bogotá. La fase 1 consiste en el análisis de mercado que fue presentado y publicado en la edición anterior de la presente revista. El objetivo de este trabajo hace parte del aprovechamiento de H2 para contribuir en el desarrollo de soluciones que mitiguen el impacto ambiental.
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