Croatian exonyms are Croatian adapted names of foreign geographical features that differ from their original names (endonyms). The writing, use, and treatment of exonyms are not always unambiguous, ...unique, systematic, and consistent. Thus, authors and editors of maps and atlases frequently face the question of should they choose an exonym (and which one), an endonym, or both. They resolve them by entering various exonym forms, using both forms of names (exonyms and endonyms), or omitting exonyms even when they exist. This situation is a direct outcome of having multiple names and of the different use of exonyms. Double naming can be the result of the complex status of toponyms in multilingual areas and of a vague boundary between current and historical exonyms. Until recently, the problems of writing and the use of exonyms were usually simply stated and confirmed by scarce examples. The purpose of this article is to stress out the need to apply a systematic approach to exonym research methodology. The aim is to highlight the open questions on writing and the use of Croatian exonyms by analysing general and school world atlases published in the last forty years, and to confirm them with representative examples. As the analysis indicates, writing and the use of many exonyms in our world atlases is quite chaotic. This is a consequence of having unstandardized exonyms and overly general orthographic rules and toponymic guidelines for exonyms. All mentioned should be in the focus of a national interdisciplinary authority that would carry out the standardization of all Croatian geographical names as well as exonyms.
Hrvatski egzonimi su hrvatska prilagođena imena stranih geografskih
objekata koja se razlikuju od izvornih imena (endonima). Pisanje, uporaba i tretman egzonima nisu uvijek jednoznačni, ujednačeni, sustavni
i dosljedni. Stoga se autori i urednici karata i atlasa često suočavaju
s pitanjima trebaju li rabiti egzonim (i koji), endonim ili oba imena. Rješavaju ih upisivanjem različitih oblika egzonima, upotrebljavanjem oba oblika imena (egzonima i endonima) te izostavljanjem egzonima i kada
oni postoje. Takvo je stanje izravna posljedica višeimenosti i različite uporabe egzonima. Dvostruko imenovanje može biti rezultat složenog statusa toponima u višejezičnim područjima i nejasne granice između suvremenih i povijesnih egzonima. Problematika pisanja i uporabe egzonima donedavno se uglavnom samo konstatirala i potkrjepljivala malim
brojem primjera. Svrha rada je uputiti na nužnost primjene sustavnog pristupa metodologiji istraživanja egzonima. Cilj rada je analizom općih
i školskih atlasa svijeta objavljenih u posljednjih četrdesetak godina istaknuti otvorena pitanja o pisanju i uporabi hrvatskih egzonima te ih potvrditi reprezentativnim primjerima. Kako pokazuje analiza, pisanje i uporaba mnogih egzonima u našim atlasima svijeta prilično je kaotično. To je posljedica nepostojanja standardiziranih egzonima te nedovoljno detaljnih pravopisnih pravila i toponimskih smjernica za egzonime. Sve bi navedeno trebao biti interes nacionalnog interdisciplinarnog povjerenstva koje bi provodilo standardizaciju svih hrvatskih geografskih imena, tako i egzonima.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This volume (‘Slovenian Country Names’) offers a detailed analysis of naming all independent countries and non-self-govering territories. Alongside the Slovenian short and full names of individual ...political territorial units, the genitive, locative, and adjectival forms of the short names, native short and full forms transliterated into the Roman alphabet (if applicable) or English and French official short and full names of individual territorial political communities, it also contains coded labels, an etymological explanation of the names, notes if needed, any alternative names, archaic names, or nicknames, and demonyms.The volume is organized into three sections. The first is a theoretical and methodological discussion of exonyms, and it also presents the reasons for selected name forms for independent countries and dependent territories. Certain names whose usage is not uniform are presented in greater detail. The second part, in tabular format, is a detailed presentation of the names of 198 independent countries and fifty-one major non-self-govering territories with a high degree of autonomy for which corresponding political decisions could lead to their independence at any time. The third section is cartographic and presents territorial political units on colored maps with borders. The volume will contribute to more correct and more uniform use of country names, and it will be a useful aid for both individuals and institutions dealing with this issue.
Slovenski eksonimi Ciglič, Rok; Hrvatin, Mauro; Kladnik, Drago ...
Geografija Slovenije,
2013
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
This volume (‘A List of Slovenian Exonyms’) is a contribution to fostering greater consistency in the use of Slovenian exonyms, or geographical names adapted to Slovenian. It provides material for ...their standardization and at the same time ensures that this important aspect of Slovenian will not to sink into oblivion. The volume has three parts. Part one contains theoretical and methodological reflections on exonyms, with an emphasis on explaining basic concepts, the use of exonyms, gathering and selecting them to design a collection of exonyms, and presentation of an analysis of their frequency. It concludes with two chapters that serve as links to the other two parts of the volume. The first presents the format of the table in detail. This table, with a list of the most frequently used exonyms (3,818), comprises the second part of the book and is supplemented by a table with a list of over 350 of the most established alternative exonyms. The third part of the volume contains color maps containing exonyms from the table in part two, arranged by part of the world and divided according to semantic type of exonym.
Pisec uvodoma opiše izkušnje ob nastajanju Pravil slovenskega pravopisa (1987), pri katerem je več let sodeloval in zavzemal odklonilno stališče npr. do svojilnih pridevnikov hibridnega tipa Horačev, ...Properčev (ali Leibničev itd). V nadaljevanju razčlenjuje dileme ob naglaševanju antičnih geografskih in lastnih imen, ki so presenetljivo podobne tistim, s katerimi so se srečevali že antični in poznejši gramatiki ob naglaševanju grških imen v latinščini. V slovenski tradiciji se je namreč tudi pri izvirno grških imenih udomačil večkrat latinski akcent, pri nekaterih pa se je po ovinku prek francoščine ali nemščine ugnezdil akcent, ki nima opore ne v grščini ne v latinščini. Pisec se zavzema za ohranitev ustaljenih akcentov pri pogosto rabljenih, že dolgo udomačenih antičnih imenih. Pri redkejših imenih pa naj bo strokovnjakom dana pravica, da lahko ohranjajo prvotni antični akcent, ne da bi bila taka praksa a priori izključena iz organizma žive slovenščine s slabšalno oznako „citatna“ oblika. Še zlasti pa se zavzema za pravico knjižnih prevajalcev, da v poetičnih prevodih prilagajajo akcent osebnih imen ritmiki in zakonitostim heksametra ali drugih antičnih metričnih obrazcev.
Od početaka institucionalizirane geografije u Hrvatskoj potkraj 19. st. do posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća 20. st. toponimi nisu bili u fokusu geografskog interesa. I danas su podzastupljena ...geografska tema premda se svakodnevno upotrebljavaju u geografiji. Uslijed nelogičnosti koja proizlazi iz odnosa (česta) uporaba – (slabi) interes, nameće se pitanje: trebaju li se geografi uopće baviti toponimima, njihovim pisanjem, izgovorom, usustavljivanjem, simboličkim značenjima? Instinktivan odgovor mnogih, ako ne i većine geografa, nesumnjivo bi bio: da, jer nije li samorazumljivo, logično i očekivano da upravo geografi proučavaju, ali i oblikuju nešto što se naziva „geografsko ime“? Ipak, ali ne i neobično, njima se daleko više od geografa bave jezikoslovci toponomastičari. U članku se predstavlja odnos toponomastike i geografije u proučavanju toponima.
This study presents various aspects of the use of adapted exonyms (i.e., foreign geographical names) in Slovenian. The cartographic use of these names rests on a long tradition dating back nearly a ...century and a half. This study presents the issues related to the use of adapted exonyms in all major Slovenian world atlases, including the Veliki splošni leksikon (Large General Encyclopedia) and the dictionary section of the latest Slovenski pravopis (Slovenian Normative Guide). Adapted exonyms are treated based on their regional affiliation and semantic type and, for names in the four most prominent atlases, the typology of Slovenianized exonyms has been redesigned and studied with regard to level and type of adaptation. The use of adapted exonyms in the individual sources treated is critically discussed, enabling an onomastic understanding of their actual value and reliability. The collected material is a basis for the greatly needed standardization of adapted exonyms, as recommended by the resolutions of the United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. These resolutions consistently demand that individual UN member states limit the use of exonyms, which to some degree contradicts the principle of linguistic autonomy.
The scientific monograph Rudolf Badjura – Life and Work was co-written by eleven experts from different fields, which shows that Rudolf Badjura was an extremely versatile person. He was born on 17th ...April 1881 in Litija. Between 1903 and 1905, after graduating from secondary school in Ljubljana, he performed military service in the infantry regiment of that time. In 1905 he attended a secondary school leaving examination course at the German trade academy in Prague, where he also joined the local mountaineering group. On his return to Ljubljana, he was first employed at the farmers' savings bank (“Kmetijska posojilnica”), and he later worked in the accountancy department of the wood dealer Hieng. Until his retirement, he was employed at the Carniola regional council. His work formed an integral part of his life, especially with regard to skiing and leisure activities in nature. In addition, he wrote tourist guides and collected folk terminology and geographical names, with particular focus on Slovene culture. Badjura's life was also heavily influenced by the first world war and his military career. His bibliographic opus consists of more than 60 units.
Geografska imena vlastita su imena geografskih objekata. Utemeljena su u prostoru koji imenuju pa su nositelji mnogih geografskih sadržaja. Pravilnim iščitavanjem mogu objasniti i uputiti na ...geografske pojave i procese. Stoga u posljednjim desetljećima postaju temom geografskih istraživanja. Svrha je rada predstaviti i ocijeniti odnos hrvatskih geografa prema toponimima. Pregledom hrvatske geografske literature o toponimima izdvojilo se više aspekata proučavanja toponima – jezikoslovni i pet geografskih (kartografski, političkogeografski, historijsko-geografski, kulturno-geografski, teorijsko-metodološki) – i dva pristupa u istraživanjima toponima (toponimi kao sredstvo za identifikaciju, komunikaciju i orijentaciju i kao izvor istraživanja). Uočeno je da se u posljednjih 120 godina toponimima ozbiljnije bavilo tek desetak hrvatskih geografa, što znači da nisu prepoznati kao relevantna istraživačka tema ni kao izvor podataka u istraživanjima. Primijećeno je da se tretman toponima u posljednjih dvadesetak godina poboljšava.
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