The article explores the differences between a legal definition of minorities and membership require- ments presented by possible members of the German minority. The issue is investigated through ...Membership Categorisation Analysis (MCA) of narrative interviews of people of German heritage from the Opole region (Upper Silesia, Poland). The analysis is followed by a comparison of the findings with the minority definition of the Polish Minority Act. The MCA of the statements made by the respondents shows that the characteristics and activities associated with members of the German minority are structured to varying degrees along the topics: membership in minority associations, age, language skills, reflection on the (unofficial) family history, nationality and regionality, as well as the individual decision to belong. Accordingly, the aspects of membership, the individual decision as well as the regional affiliation identified in the statements made by the respondents are added to the Minority Act definition. The original value of the article is threefold. Firstly, the article represents a change of perspective in researching the German minority by applying the concept of belonging. Instead of assuming a homogeneous identity of a person or group, belonging is perceived as heterogeneous (related to the collective) and multidimensional (related to the individual). Accordingly, the article analyses statements made by people of German heritage, instead of using an ethnic categorization prior to analysis. Secondly, MCA is applied from the perspective of belonging, thus making discrepancies, contradictions and overlaps of belonging visible. Thirdly, the results of the analysis are put into practice by comparing them with the definition in the Polish Minority Act. The presentation of the differences and similarities of the definitions of people of German heritage themselves, in comparison to the national legislation, provides important impulses for the adaptation of minority and language policy at the national, regional, and internal level of the minority organisations.
Why were most ethnic minority organizations in interwar Poland permitted and sometimes encouraged by the state, when the ruling titular ethnic group pursued discriminatory policies against the same ...minority groups, faced hostility from these groups, and had the capacity to repress their
organizations? Current literature focuses on repression as the main strategy deployed by states to manage these relationships. This article, on the other hand, asks why states allow minority organizations to operate. Using the logic of divide and rule, this article demonstrates that, in the
case of multi-ethnic states, a state may prefer a plurality of organizations representing a certain minority ethnic group, particularly if the group is restive, in order to ensure that a united opposition cannot legitimately threaten the state's political survival.
The study deals with teaching issues of the German minority in Hungary. It briefly describes the so-called folklore lesson is dealt with, which every learner at a nationality school in Hungary should ...learn in one hour per week. Finally, we present the research results of an online survey on folklore teaching. The aim of the data collection was to find out what educational background the teachers have, what difficulties teachers are confronted with in the teaching process and what claims they have for assistance. Their students’ attitude was also asked. Subsequently, recommendations for the education system are formulated.
The article is devoted to a historical German settlement in present-day Slovakia, since the small German minority of the lumberjacks/woodcutters (Slovak. Huncokári) has received little attention. The ...urgency of the need for research is also pointed out, since there are only very few speakers of this dialect left. The article therefore informs about some background of the settlement history, the present state and about approaches for ethnological field research.
The paper deals with the issue of changes in the culture of the German minority community in the vicinity of Nitrianske Pravno. German-speaking colonists came here in the 14th century for the purpose ...of extracting minerals, mainly gold. In the 17th century, there was a significant decline in mining, which led to changes in the local cultural enclave. The subject of research is the cultural landscape. On the basis of its study, it is possible to identify the processes of development and changes of culture in selected classes of cultural phenomena. It is about the cultural landscape and ways of its use, the social-organizational structure of the town of Nitrianske Pravno and the influence of ideas and ideologies on the development of the sociocultural system. The aim of the contribution is to answer the question of how the local community reacted to the depletion of mineral wealth and how this change manifested itself in their culture. The intention is also to point out the kinship of cultural geography and cultural ecology, which is manifested in the subject of research and in the use of methodological procedures.
A kelet- és délkelet-európai országokban élő német nyelvi kisebbség körében végzett nyelviattitűd-kutatás még nem tekint olyan régi hagyományokra vissza, mint Németország, Ausztria, valamint a ...németnyelvű Svájc esetében. A kisebbségek körében végzett nyelviattitűd-kutatások eredményei bepillantást engednek abba, hogy a kisebbségi nyelvet aktívan vagy passzívan használók – jelen tanulmány esetében az idős magyarországi németek – hogyan érzékelik a környezetükben hallott német nyelv különböző változatait, hogyan vélekednek a német nyelvi változatok használatáról, a magyarországi német nyelvjárások generációkon átívelő eróziójáról, illetve hogyan értékelik a német nyelv köznyelvi, regionális és lokális változatait. A tanulmány a kétnyelvű (magyar-német) adatközlők nyelvi önmeghatározásából kiindulva a német nyelvi attitűdjük affektív és konatív komponenseit vizsgálja.
The article presents important milestones in the history of primary school teacher training for the German nationality in Hungary. It is the first such institute founded 200 years ago (1819) in ...Zipser Kapitel/Spišská Kapitula, and the German-speaking teacher training institute, which was founded 80 years ago (1939) in Budapest. The Faculty of Primary and Pre-School Education of the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest is also presented. It is currently the most popular and largest primary school teacher training institution in Hungary. Their partially German-language training course trains (minori- ties) educators for the lower grades of the elementary schools of the Hungarian-German minority.
In this paper, I will deal with the diffusion pattern of the progressive periphrases (P
) attested in the minority languages that are present in the areas of Swiss Grisons, Trentino-Alto Adige and ...Friulian Carnia. I will individualize on the one hand the vectors of diffusion between the standard languages and the minority varieties; on the other hand, I will explain the mechanism of adaptation or re-elaboration of the borrowed structure in the replica language. Finally, I will pinpoint which of this structure replication seems to be the result of an internal development witnessed in the Alpine area.
Purpose. The continuous evolutionary change in consumer preferences encourages the travel business to continuously look for innovative forms and techniques to meet consumer demand. There is a growing ...demand in the travel, tourism and hospitality sector for unique, personalized and sustainable travel. In this regard, the search for creative solutions to create highly competitive travel and sightseeing products that take into account current trends in consumer preferences is relevant. One possible avenue in this context is the creation of cultural heritage tourism products. The purpose of this study is to improve approaches to the design of cultural heritage quest-tour itineraries and to test the recommendations developed.
Results. Creative tourism plays an important role in developing and maintaining interest in cultural heritage. The creation of travel and sightseeing products based on a combination of the concepts of heritage tourism and creative tourism allows meeting the consumer demand for uniqueness, authenticity, personalization, creative involvement and self-development. It is this combination of modern, innovative types of travel and sightseeing that we consider most promising in terms of providing highly competitive, unique products. Quest-tour is a type of travel and sightseeing service, which can be successfully used in the creation of heritage tourism products in the context of modern trends of changing consumer preferences. Itinerary design techniques for heritage quest-tour should take into account the significance of the excursion sites in terms of presenting the atmosphere of the era in question; the degree of preservation of authentic excursion sites; and the amount of available factual material. In this study, we tested the technique of designing the quest-tour itinerary on the example of our developed quest-tour «Early 19th century. German cultural heritage in Kharkiv». According to the storyline, the quest-tour is about almost the earliest documented period of ethnic German life in Kharkiv.
Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the improvement of the designing technique for quest-tours of cultural heritage on the basis of overlapping the concepts of heritage tourism and creative tourism.
Practical value. The value of the study lies in the practical validation of the improved technique of designing heritage quest-tours, as well as the possibility of using the results in the practical activities of travel firms in the design of excursion products.
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