Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus McGovern, Patrick; Jalabadze, Mindia; Batiuk, Stephen ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
11/2017, Letnik:
114, Številka:
48
Journal Article
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Chemical analyses of ancient organic compounds absorbed into the pottery fabrics from sites in Georgia in the South Caucasus region, dating to the early Neolithic period (ca. 6,000–5,000 BC), provide ...the earliest biomolecular archaeological evidence for grape wine and viniculture from the Near East, at ca. 6,000–5,800 BC. The chemical findings are corroborated by climatic and environmental reconstruction, together with archaeobotanical evidence, including grape pollen, starch, and epidermal remains associated with a jar of similar type and date. The very large-capacity jars, some of the earliest pottery made in the Near East, probably served as combination fermentation, aging, and serving vessels. They are the most numerous pottery type at many sites comprising the so-called “Shulaveri-Shomutepe Culture” of the Neolithic period, which extends into western Azerbaijan and northern Armenia. The discovery of early sixth millennium BC grape wine in this region is crucial to the later history of wine in Europe and the rest of the world.
Five families and 100 species of Scarabaeoidea are recorded from Sarnena Sredna Gora Mts. Of these 63 species are new for the study region and for 84 new locality records are presented. The new ...records of the species Geotrupes mutator (Marsham, 1802), Trox sabulosus sabulosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Aesalus scarabaeoides scarabaeoides (Panzer, 1793), Sinodendron cylindricum (Linnaeus, 1758), Platycerus caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758), Ochodaeus thalycroides Reitter, 1892, Aphodius coniugatus (Panzer, 1795), Onthophagus illyricus (Scopoli, 1763), Chaetonyx schatzmayri Mariani, 1946, Hoplia argentea (Poda von Neuhaus, 1761), Anisoplia dispar Erichson, 1847 and Protaetia affinis affinis (Andersch, 1797) are of particular interest. The species Aphodius foetidus (Herbst, 1783) is reported for the second time for Bulgaria. The species Lucanus cervus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758) is included in the Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
There is no previously published data on tardigrades found in Sarnena Gora region. During the study period a total of 13 samples were collected. Specimens from genera Echiniscus C.A.S. Schultze, ...1840, Milnesium Doyère, 1840, Isohypsibius Thulin, 1928, Ramazzottius Binda & Pilato, 1986, Adropion Pilato, 1987 and family Macrobiotidae Thulin, 1928 were discovered.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
As a result of a large-scale study on the small terrestrial mammals (Eulipotyphla, Rodentia, Lagomorpha) of the Sarnena Sredna Gora Mts., through various methodological approaches and methods, we ...collected data about 2460 individuals, belonging to 30 species. The established species composition represents about 70% of the small terrestrial mammals of Bulgaria, which indicates the presence of a rich faunal complex. Of the established species, 6 are protected, 2 are defined as conservationally significant, with a limited distribution for the area, 3 species are synanthropic. For the first time we confirmed the presence of Sorex araneus, S. minutus, C. glareolus in the Sarnena Sredna Gora Mts. The nutria (Myocastor coypus), the European hare (Lepus europaeus), and the Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) are hunting objects, and the nutria is also included in the list of invasive alien species in Europe. For the first time, the mountain habitats of the small mammal fauna of Sarnena Sredna Gora have been studied, typified, and mapped, and the species richness, zoogeographical structure, nature conservation status, and regularities in its distribution and origin have been analyzed.
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The available data on the distribution of Cerambycidae species from Sarnena Gora Mts. are summarized. A total of 98 species of the family are reported. Of these 55 are new for the study area and for ...82 species new locality records are presented. Findings of the species Stenurella melanura samai Rapuzzi, 1995, Leiopus linnei Wallin, Nylander & Kvamme, 2009, Agapanthia osmanlis Reiche et Saulcy, 1858, Phytoecia millefolii (Adams, 1817), Pogonocherus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) and P. perroudi Mulsant, 1839 are of particular importance in terms of their distribution in Bulgaria. The species Rosalia alpina alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) and Morimus asper funereus Mulsant, 1863 are included in the Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora.
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The superfamily Cercopoidea (spittlebugs), an insect group in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera), is represented in Europe by two families – Cercopidae and Aphrophoridae. Currently there are 18 ...species – 5 of cercopids and 13 of aphrophorids, known in Bulgaria. Two of them – Haematoloma dorsata (Ahrens, 1812) and Aphrophora costalis (Matsumura, 1903) are recorded in the country without any location data and their presence needs to be confirmed. The spittlebugs of Sarnena Sredna Gora mountain are very poorly examined. The present study is based on material, collected between 2016 and 2020. As a result, 7 species were recorded - Cercopis intermedia Kirschbaum, 1868 (Cercopidae), Aphrophora alni (Fallén, 1805), A. salicina (Goeze, 1778), A. pectoralis (Matsumura, 1903), Lepyronia coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758), Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén, 1805) and Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Aphrophoridae). The Euro-Siberian species associated with willows (Salix spp.), Aphrophora pectoralis, was recorded for the first time with locality data in Bulgaria
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Two phases of archaeological investigation were performed in the Novi Sad City Museum at Petrovaradin Fortress. In this study, we summarize the results of geo-archaeological investigations of the ...second period of excavation inside the Novi Sad City Museum building. The fortress is situated on a Danube terrace with the top of the bedrock at ca.123 m asl. The investigated section consists of undisturbed fine-sandy silt. The grain-size distribution of the sediments indicates clearly its alluvial reworking but shows also a general similarity with typical primary loess in the region. All analyzed proxies indicate slightly stronger weathering in the upper part of the profile. Luminescence ages suggest that the investigated sequence covers the last glacial period and the terrace presumably formed during MIS 4. Subsequently, the Danube started its incision at the start of the next warmer period (MIS 3) onward. This terrace age and elevation enable us to derive an uplift rate of the terrace of ca. 0.73 mm/a for the last 60 ka, which seems to increase towards the present. Basal loessic material, in which artifacts occur, likely in the reworked position, indicate that the area close to today's Petrovaradin Fortress was already inhabited in MIS 5.
The available data from literature sources and collected material on the spreading of Ixodid ticks in Sarnena Sredna Gora Mountains are presented. A total of 13 species of 6 genera are reported ...(Hyalomma marginatum (Koch 1844), Hyalomma scupense (Schulze 1919), Rhipicephalus bursa (Canestrini et Fanzago 1877), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille 1806), Rhipicephalus turanicus (Pomeranzev 1940), Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus 1758), Ixodes laguri (Olenev 1929), Ixodes redikorzevi (Olenev 1927), Haemaphysalis sulcata (Canestrini et Fanzago 1878), Haemaphysalis punctata (Canestrini et Fanzago 1878), Haemaphysalis intermis (Birula 1895), Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer 1776) and Boophylus calcaratus (Lahille 1905). The data on 6 tick species have been updated. Hyalomma marginatum was found in most locations.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study uses mineralogical, petrological, geochemical, and Sr and Nd isotope data along with K-Ar ages to infer the petrogenesis and geodynamic evolution of Middle Triassic high-K calc-alkaline ...lavas and their associated pyroclastics of Mt. Kuna Gora in NW Croatia. Their analogue mineralogy and bulk-rock geochemistry testify to the coeval origin of both rock types. Sanidine and plagioclase accompanied by inor augite and Ti-bearing magnetite are the major phases found in a matrix of devitrified volcanic glass and plagioclase microlites. Hydrothermal anddiagenetic processes in the pyroclastics originated the formation of chlorite and white mica, and mixed-layer clay minerals, respectively. Petrography reveals the following crystallization order: spinel→clinopyroxene→plagioclase→alkali-feldspar±Fe-Ti oxides. Geochemical and isotopic data suggests that the studied rocks had a complex origin that included the contamination of subduction-generated magmas by lithospheric mantle melts. This presumes an interplay between fertile arc mantle, subducted continental crust, and depleted or ocean island basalts-like mantle. A low degree of crustal contamination stands as a last step in the formation of such “hybrid” magmas. The subducted Paleotethyan oceanic lithosphere went through processes of partial melting at depths of ~45-49km and pressures of ≤1.6GPa and fractionation that produced melts which gave rise to the studied rocks. In the model we are proposing herein such formed partial melts are related to the demise of the northward subduction of the Paleotethys oceanic lithosphere during the Early to Middle Triassic epoch, which is consistent with an active, ensialic mature volcanic arc developing along Laurussian southern active margins.
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