Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by prions. Animal TSE include scrapie in sheep and goats, and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids. ...Effective management of scrapie in many parts of the world, and of CWD in North American deer population is complicated by the persistence of prions in the environment. After shedding from diseased animals, prions persist in soil, withstanding biotic and abiotic degradation. As soil is a complex, multi-component system of both mineral and organic components, it is important to understand which soil compounds may interact with prions and thus contribute to disease transmission. Several studies have investigated the role of different soil minerals in prion adsorption and infectivity; we focused our attention on the interaction of soil organic components, the humic substances (HS), with recombinant prion protein (recPrP) material. We evaluated the kinetics of recPrP adsorption, providing a structural and biochemical characterization of chemical adducts using different experimental approaches. Here we show that HS act as potent anti-prion agents in prion infected neuronal cells and in the amyloid seeding assays: HS adsorb both recPrP and prions, thus sequestering them from the prion replication process. We interpreted our findings as highly relevant from an environmental point of view, as the adsorption of prions in HS may affect their availability and consequently hinder the environmental transmission of prion diseases in ruminants.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Polazzodus coronatus, gen. et sp. nov., is a pycnodontiform fish from two proximate Late Cretaceous fossil sites near Polazzo, in northeastern Italy, where it is relatively abundant. Its ...autapomorphic characters are the presence of a distinctively shaped second dorsal ridge scale with an anterior projection; the presence of an olfactory fenestra on the premaxilla; an axe blade-like morphology of the maxilla; and the presence of a conspicuous posterodorsal process on the cleithrum. Polazzodus coronatus, gen. et sp. nov., is closely related to the pycnodontids Oropycnodus, Pycnodus, and probably ‘Coelodus’ gridelli and Tergestinia. Although their phylogenetic interrelationships will be tested when the last two forms are revised, Polazzodus coronatus is assigned to the subfamily Pycnodontinae within the Family Pycnodontidae, because it possesses the autapomorphies of both latter groups; for instance, the presence of an exposed part of the endocranium, without overlying dermal bones, which is an autapomorphy of the Pycnodontinae. The shape and large size of the supraoccipital bone in Polazzodus, together with the arrangement of the other occipital bones, indicates that this exposed portion of the endocranium is most likely formed by the endochondral supraoccipital bone.
A set of glass samples from the sunken Roman ship
Julia Felix, off the town of Grado (Gorizia, Italy) around the second half of the 2nd century AD has been studied along with other glass samples from ...almost coeval levels of archaeological excavations in the cities of Vicenza (northern Italy) and Pozzuoli (Naples, southern Italy) and in the town of Grado (7th–9th century AD). The glass samples are fairly homogeneous in their chemical composition with typical silicic–sodic–calcic compositions. Superficial lamellar layers of various thickness (from about 200 μm to less than thousand μm) were formed by the glass–water alteration process. The oxygen isotopic composition of the alteration patinae was measured along with that of the apparently unaltered internal section of glass. The oxygen isotopic composition of the Northern Adriatic seawater is known from previous studies along with the mean oxygen isotopic composition of local precipitations at Vicenza, Pozzuoli and Grado. The mean annual temperatures at the sea bottom are also known from previous studies. The knowledge of the age of the ship and of these variables allows the calculation of the diffusion rate of water molecules through the glass and the glass/water fractionation factor at low temperature. The calculated
α-values for the ship glasses are very close to one another and consistent among different samples. One of the glass samples from archaeological excavations (Grado) shows an
α-value smaller than those calculated for the ship samples. This suggests partial isotope exchange probably related to the reduced exchange time with water (∼50%) and, perhaps, to the small amount of water available to this sample. From the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that glass–water oxygen isotope exchange occurs even at relatively low temperatures, isotopic equilibrium being reached in less than 1.8 ka when large amounts of water are available.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Kompilation von Kriegsaufnahmen an der italienischen Front. Beginnt mit Aufnahmen von Manövern zur See. Danach haben Militärwagen ...Schwierigkeiten, die Straßen zu passieren, die Generäle gehen zu Fuß weiter. Landschaftsaufnahmen, Einschlag von Kanonen in der Nähe von Häusern. Militär passiert eine Brücke über den Isonzo. Soldaten marschieren im Schnee. Beladen und Abfeuern eines Geschützes.
Soldatenlager, Feldmesse, Soldaten ziehen durch Görz zum Bahnhof. Verwundete werden mit einer Gondel vom Berg talwärts transportiert.
Manöver der Infanterie Deckung benutzend. Bilder aus dem zerstörten Görz, Straßenszenen. Zerbombte Häuser und Straßen. Am Ende die gestürzte Statue des Kaisers Franz Joseph (Francesco Giuseppe).- Compilation of wartime footage from the Italian front. Naval manoeuvres. Military vehicles have trouble passing the road, forcing the generals to proceed on foot. Landscape shots. Explosions from cannon fire close to buildings. A military division crosses a bridge over the Isonzo river. Soldiers march in snow. A cannon is loaded and fired. A field mass at a soldiers’ camp. Soldiers march through Gorizia on their way to the train station. A gondola transports casualties down to the valley. An infantry manoeuvre, soldiers shield themselves. Footage of the destroyed town of Gorizia. Street scenes. Images of houses and streets that were bombed. The statue of Emperor Franz Joseph after it has been torn down.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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