Several machine learning approaches have been developed for the identification of geochemical populations. In these approaches, the geochemical elements are usually the sole quantitative variables ...used as inputs for geochemical population recognition. This means that the presence of other qualitative variables, such as geological information, is overlooked in the analysis. Hierarchical clustering, as an unsupervised machine learning method, is a common approach for dimensional reduction in the analysis of geochemical data. In this study, an alternative to this technique, known as geostatistical hierarchical clustering (GHC), is applied to identify geochemical populations in 3D in the Bondar Hanza copper porphyry deposit, Iran. In this paradigm, the qualitative geological variables can also be incorporated for geochemical population identification, in addition to qualitative geochemical elements. In this study, an innovative solution is presented to tune the weighting parameters of each variable in GHC, based on the associations that the clusters (i.e., geochemical populations) should have with the geological information. The results are compared with k-means and number–size fractal/multifractal (N–S) methods. As a result, GHC showed better agreement with alterations, rock types, and mineralization zones in this deposit. Finally, some important instructions are provided for further mineral exploration.
Hanza Mountain in Urmia–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, southeast of Iran, consists of monocline of Eocene volcanic rocks into which the Oligocene granitoid rocks have been intruded. This area has excellent ...potential for economic porphyry copper deposits with Bondar Hanza, Daralu, and Sarmesk deposits among them. Hanza Mountain is located between NW–SE horsetail thrust faults derived from the Gowk and Sabzevaran strike-slip faults. The analysis of the kinematics of these strike-slip faults shows that they were not the cause of the formation of the pull-apart basin; thus they have not directly played any effective role in localizing the final emplacement of porphyries responsible for the formation of these copper deposits, but the Cu mineralization occurred mainly within a set of normal and thrust faults in the region. The alteration types and faults in Bondar Hanza were distinguished using detailed local geology, including distribution of known mineralization, supported by remote sensing (ASTER), airborne geophysics, and topography; the relationship between mineralization and faults was examined using Rose diagrams and Fry Analysis. This investigation of Bondar Hanza deposit has revealed that the trend of faults and dykes, as well as the distribution of copper analyses within drill cores, is aligned with the main trend of mineralization. The NW–SE trending faults in the Urmia–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc are effective in localizing the emplacement of porphyry copper ore deposits and those that trend between N125°–N145° are key to further exploration.
•Hanza Mountain that hosts the Bondar Hanza PCD is located between horsetail thrust faults related to strike-slip faults in Urmia–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc.•Processing of ASTER remote sensing and radiometric airborne geophysics data shows that PCDs and associated alteration zones trend NW–SE trend.•The enhancements of the recognition of NW–SE trending lineaments are the result of Fry Analysis by processing of the DEM, regional geology, ASTER and airborne magnetometry.
The Bondar Hanza porphyry Cu deposit, hosted by a granitoid stock, is located 120 km south of Kerman city in the elongated NW–SE trending Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic arc (UDMA), Iran. The granitoid ...stock is a multiphase intrusive body, 2 km2 in surface area, which comprises microdiorite–microquartz diorite and granite–granodiorite. Petrological and geochemical analyses show that granitoids are peraluminous, magnesian, calcic to alkali‐calcic, and non‐adakitic intrusions characterized by negative Eu* anomalies. Thermobarometric and oxygen fugacity calculations indicate that magma emplacement occurred at 719–784°C, <100 MPa, and at a log fO2 of NNO +1.6 to +3.2. Sulphur isotopic composition of sulphide minerals (δ34S = 5.0–6.8 ‰) are similar to other porphyry Cu deposits worldwide. Molybdenite separates yield Re–Os ages of 28.22–28.03 Ma, indicating that the Cu mineralization and associated magmatism occurred during the Oligocene. The Bondar Hanza is one of the several granitoids from small porphyry Cu deposits in the UDMA that is related to island arc sub‐productive granitoids. It seems that the largest ore‐hosting porphyry systems within the UDMA are generally restricted to Miocene intrusions with adakitic affinity (e.g., Sarcheshmeh granitoids) and that the temporally discrete non‐adakitic magmatic systems are sub‐productive to barren. These data are interpreted to show that magmatism in the Bondar Hanza region was likely associated with partial melting of juvenile lower crust induced by north‐eastward subduction of the Neo‐Tethys oceanic lithosphere.
Der Aufstand in der Stadt Lübeck von 1408 bis 1416 lähmte die Hanse. Als Vermittler und Schiedsrichter schied der Bund der Kaufleute und Städte aus. Stattdessen wandten sich die streitenden Parteien ...dem römisch-deutschen König und seinem Hofgericht zu. Da Lübeck eine Reichsstadt war, unterstand die Trave-Metropole ohnehin direkt dem Monarchen. Doch die Reichsgewalt war zu Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts zu schwach geworden, um den Konflikt im ‚reichsfernen Norden’ zu lösen. Der Lübecker Aufstand enttarnte alle Probleme, mit dem das Reich zu kämpfen hatte. Letztlich verlängerte die Schwäche des Reichs sogar den Konflikt in Lübeck.
Hanza district is located in the southern part of Urumieh–Dokhtar Metallogenic belt in southeastern Iran. This region includes fourteen significant Cu anomalies associated with porphyry/vein-type ...copper mineralizations. This research is aimed to examine effective various processing techniques (i.e., univariate statistical methods) in the analysis of stream sediment geochemical datasets for separating anomalies from the background. The threshold values were estimated by various ways, including 1. Mean ± 2 × Standard deviation (X + 2S), 2.Median Absolute Deviation (MAD), 3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA or Tukey’s boxplot) and 4. Improved Performance of Boxplot (IPB). The latter method is introduced as an original method for the first time. The results derived from these methods; have been mapped in four classes associated with the first quartile, third quartile, and threshold values, respectively. The primary approach of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of each method in the identification of fourteen significant copper anomalies. The efficiency of each method is determined based on the
“success rate
”. To compare threshold estimation methods, the Dot Frequency Distribution Histogram was used, and the position of threshold values of various methods was displayed on the histogram. The results of threshold estimation have shown that MAD and IPB methods have the least threshold values for most elements compared to other methods. The efficiency of MAD and IPB methods for the threshold estimation is high. The threshold value estimated by EDA and Mean ± 2Sdev methods, in comparison with other methods, is high. Indeed, their efficiency is abysmal because using these methods will eliminate many of the anomalous areas. Thus, using the Mean ± 2Sdev and EDA methods is not suggested.
Ecological destinations are one of the manifestations of tourists interests to regions with the aim of spending their leisure time with nature are often set up in different areas. This study is ...conducted with the aim to investigate the role of ecological destinations in the development of sustainable tourism of Hanza region. This is a practical study and the method used is descriptive- analytical. The target population consist of people living in Hanza (four towns and villages with the population of 897 households). A total of 270 questionnaires (household) using Cochran formula were chosen as samples .The Cronbach's alpha was calculated for 0.87 reliability questionnaire. The Data collected in GIS software and SPSS were analyzed using single sample T- test, F (ANOVA) and Waller-Duncan Test. The results indicated that setting up the ecological destinations have effects on economical, social, environmental and physical consequences. The positive effects of ecological destinations in the study area (with mean 3.13) is moderate and between the areas studied , in terms of ecological destinations effects (except economically) there were significant differences in the 0.95 reliability. The negative effects of ecological destinations in the study area are higher than moderate (with mean 4.3) and among the areas studied in terms of the ecological impacts of the destinations there is a significant difference in the 0.95 reliability.
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