BACKGROUND With the complexity of calcaneal fracture (CF) increasing, its treatment has changed to include inserting the screw used to secure the facies articular posterior into the sustentaculum ...tail (ST). Some research progress has been made in this area, but there has been little in-depth research on the anatomical morphology of the sustentaculum tail, which is necessary for clinical surgery, and more information about Chinese anatomic characteristics and improved surgical techniques for CF are needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS This anatomical study, based on a three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) reconstruction technique, included 287 dry calcaneus, consisting of 144 left and 143 right calcaneus. The images were reconstructed in 3D after CT scanning. Seven subjects were enrolled (L and R): (1) The vertical distance from inside the sustentaculum tail (IST) to inside the facies articularis talaris posterior; (2) The vertical distance from IST to the outside facies articularis talaris posterior; (3) The thickness of sulcus calcaneal nadir; (4) The distance from IST to processus medislis tuberis calcaneus; (5) The distance from IST to calcaneal posterosuperior tuber; (6) The angle of the prolate axial intersection between ST and calcaneus on the normal superior as ˂α; and (7) The angle of the prolate axial intersection between ST and calcaneus on the normal posterior as ˂β. All measurement results were analyzed by SPSS 22.0. RESULTS Based on morphological classification, the average length of AB, AC, AE, and AF on left ST were 16.956±1.391 mm, 37.803±2.525 mm, 43.244±3.617 mm, and 51.113±4.455 mm, respectively. Among the others, ˂β was 81.227±6.317 mm on the left and 74.581±9.008 mm on the right (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest better ways to treat the special characteristics and to reduce the risk of CF surgery.
Foramen ovale is a surgically important aperture of the skull since it allows approach to and manipulation of the trigeminal ganglion as it lies in the Meckel's cave. This transfacial approach, ...Hartel's approach, requires two anatomical points for accurate cannulation; the zygomatic point and the pupil point. This study describes the morphology and location of foramen ovale and describes the pupil point in relation to the medial canthus in the Kenyan population. Department of Human Anatomy departmental review board approved the study. Two hundred dry skulls from the Department of Human Anatomy were studied using a digital calliper with help of a measuring frame. The results were analysed using SPSS version 20. The results showed the length and width of right foramen ovale was 7.69 mm mean (SD + or - 1.31) and 4.24 mm (+ or - 0.64) respectively while the left foramen ovale was 7.68 mm (+ or - 1.23) and 4.28 mm (+ or - 0.74). The distance of the zygomatic point from the external auditory meatus on the right was 23.54 mm (+ or - 2.26) and the left was 23.49 mm (+ or - 2.16). The median distances of the pupil point in relation to the medial canthus was 9.5mm on the right and 8.1 mm on the left. These results were significantly different from other population data. Neuronavigational aids to foramen ovale in Kenyans should take this into consideration. KEY WORDS: Foramen ovale; Hartel's procedure; Transfacial; Kenyans. El foramen oval es una abertura quirurgicamente importante del craneo, que permite el enfoque y manipulacion del ganglio trigeminal ya que se encuentra en la impresion trigeminal (fosita de Meckel). Este enfoque transfacial, el enfoque de Hartel, requiere dos puntos anatomicos para la canalizacion precisa; el punto cigomatico y el punto de la pupila. Este estudio describe la morfologia y la ubicacion del foramen oval, y el punto pupilar en relacion al canto medial en la poblacion de Kenia. La junta directiva del Departamento de Anatomia Humana aprobo el estudio. Doscientos craneos secos procedentes del Departamento de Anatomia Humana se estudiaron utilizando un caliper digital con ayuda de un marco de medicion. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante el programa SPSS version 20. Los resultados mostraron que la longitud y ancho del foramen oval derecho fue de 7,69 mm media (+ or - 1,31) y 4,24 mm (+ or - 0,64), respectivamente, mientras que el foramen oval izquierdoo fue de 7,68 mm (+ or - 1,23) y 4,28 mm (+ or - 0,74). La distancia del punto cigomatico desde el meato acustico externo derecho fue 23,54 mm (+ or - 2,26) y el izquierdo de 23,49 mm (+ or - 2,16). Las distancias promedios del punto de la pupila en relacion con el canto medial fueron de 9,5 mm (el derecha) y 8,1 mm (el izquierdo). Estos resultados fueron significativamente diferentes de otros datos demograficos. El apoyo para la neuronavegacion para acceder al foramen oval en kenianos debe tener esto en consideracion. PALABRAS CLAVE: Foramen oval; Procedimiento de Hartel; Transfacial; Kenianos.
Foramen ovale is a surgically important aperture of the skull since it allows approach to and manipulation of the trigeminal ganglion as it lies in the Meckel's cave. This transfacial approach, ...Hartel's approach, requires two anatomical points for accurate cannulation; the zygomatic point and the pupil point. This study describes the morphology and location of foramen ovale and describes the pupil point in relation to the medial canthus in the Kenyan population. Department of Human Anatomy departmental review board approved the study. Two hundred dry skulls from the Department of Human Anatomy were studied using a digital calliper with help of a measuring frame. The results were analysed using SPSS version 20. The results showed the length and width of right foramen ovale was 7.69 mm mean (SD + or - 1.31) and 4.24 mm (+ or - 0.64) respectively while the left foramen ovale was 7.68 mm (+ or - 1.23) and 4.28 mm (+ or - 0.74). The distance of the zygomatic point from the external auditory meatus on the right was 23.54 mm (+ or - 2.26) and the left was 23.49 mm (+ or - 2.16). The median distances of the pupil point in relation to the medial canthus was 9.5mm on the right and 8.1 mm on the left. These results were significantly different from other population data. Neuronavigational aids to foramen ovale in Kenyans should take this into consideration.
How is consciousness created? When did it first appear on Earth, and how did it evolve? What constitutes consciousness, and which animals can be said to be sentient? In this book, Todd Feinberg and ...Jon Mallatt draw on recent scientific findings to answer these questions -- and to tackle the most fundamental question about the nature of consciousness: how does the material brain create subjective experience? After assembling a list of the biological and neurobiological features that seem responsible for consciousness, and considering the fossil record of evolution, Feinberg and Mallatt argue that consciousness appeared much earlier in evolutionary history than is commonly assumed. About 520 to 560 million years ago, they explain, the great "Cambrian explosion" of animal diversity produced the first complex brains, which were accompanied by the first appearance of consciousness; simple reflexive behaviors evolved into a unified inner world of subjective experiences. From this they deduce that all vertebrates are and have always been conscious -- not just humans and other mammals, but also every fish, reptile, amphibian, and bird. Considering invertebrates, they find that arthropods (including insects and probably crustaceans) and cephalopods (including the octopus) meet many of the criteria for consciousness. The obvious and conventional wisdom--shattering implication is that consciousness evolved simultaneously but independently in the first vertebrates and possibly arthropods more than half a billion years ago. Combining evolutionary, neurobiological, and philosophical approaches allows Feinberg and Mallatt to offer an original solution to the "hard problem" of consciousness.
Introduction: Dentistry is a surgical field that requires an in-depth knowledge of the human body, especially the anatomy of the head, face, and neck region, to understand various pathologies ...encountered in clinics. Human anatomy is an integral part of dental surgery courses worldwide. Right from diagnosis to the point of treatment, thorough knowledge of human anatomy is critical. Thus, it is important to understand the link between preclinical anatomical knowledge and dentistry and implement it in clinical practice. Unfortunately, anatomy is considered a preclinical subject and is neglected by students and faculty. The following study aimed to assess and understand the attitude of dental students and dental practitioners toward knowledge of human anatomy for routine clinical practice. Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on 187 dental students and dental clinicians of a reputed Dental College situated in the Navi Mumbai Region. Results: More than 85% of respondents had a liking toward anatomical dissections. More than 80% of the respondents felt that the knowledge of human anatomy is a prerequisite for practicing clinical dentistry. Conclusion: In the present study, it was found that anatomy is a prerequisite for routine clinical dentistry. Although newer technologies are now being incorporated into the system, they seem to supplement the traditional cadaveric methods of dissection. However, there is a need for more in-depth implementation of horizontal and vertical integration into the dental curriculum to produce more clinically competent dental surgeons.
RESUMEN: Aprendizajes en anatomía humana tradicionalmente han sido evaluados a través del reconocimiento de estructuras anatómicas. A pesar de su popularidad, pueden tener un componente subjetivo y ...memorístico. El Examen Práctico Objetivo Estructurado (EPOE) se ha presentado como una manera más global de evaluación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evidenciar el efecto en el rendimiento académico tras la implementación del EPOE en pasos prácticos. En el estudio 2312 estudiantes fueron divididos: Metodología Tradicional (n=1155) y Metodología EPOE (n=1157). A su vez, los estudiantes fueron identificados según carrera: Enfermería (n=1182); Fonoaudiología (n=185); Kinesiología (n=514) y Terapia Ocupacional (n=431). Se mantuvieron las condiciones de la asignatura en ambos grupos con tres evaluaciones prácticas. Se analizaron las calificaciones obtenidas. Evaluaciones 1 y 2 no presentaron diferencias entre grupos. Evaluación 3, que evaluó sistema nervioso, mostró disminución significativa de 0,5 puntos en el grupo EPOE. El factor tipo de metodología resultó ser significativo en evaluación 3 (p < 0,001; h2p = 0,029) y promedio de las 3 evaluaciones (p < 0,029; h2p = 0,002). El factor carrera resultó ser significativo para las tres evaluaciones. La interacción de ambos factores no mostró significancia estadística. El análisis post hoc mostró diferencias significativas entre estudiantes de Enfermería con las demás carreras, ya que obtuvieron mejores calificaciones en todas las evaluaciones (p < 0,05). Metodología EPOE no produjo drásticos cambios en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes y tiene un amplio potencial de desarrollo por su naturaleza de evaluación integral no invasiva ni traumática. Se debe considerar la naturaleza de los contenidos en el diseño de la metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje y en la metodología de evaluación, alineando a nivel microcurricular estos aspectos fundamentales de la formación de nuevos profesionales de la salud.
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