This book acts as a self-contained resource for understanding the current technological advancement of biomaterials towards tissue engineering applications. It covers impact of biomaterials at ...different length scales such as macro/micro/nano/ level and offers extensive discussion on cell-biomaterial interactions with illustrative examples. This resource offer a multi-disciplinary approach for the adaptability of integrated biomaterials in tissue repair and reconstruction.
Since the dental assistant is the right hand of the dentist, this knowledge will help the dental assistant better perform clinical duties, communicate with the dentist and other members of the dental ...team, and competently communicate with patients by providing them the necessary information about their dental conditions, treatments, and any prescribed therapeutics. Effective and timely communications with other advanced life support personnel regarding the medical event and treatments rendered by the dental team may be required. * Providing patient dental health education, nutritional counseling, and pre- and post-operative instructions and interactions. A quality dental team does more than preserve oral health, they maintain all values required to be an active participant in the patient's overall healthcare experience.
Purpose
Pre-operative planning is widely used in orthopaedic surgery. In case of trauma with fracture or previous injury with malunion, the contralateral extremity is used as a surrogate for planning ...with an assumption of symmetry between sides. The aim of this study was to investigate femoral symmetricity in human adults.
Methods
Ten randomly selected lower extremity computerized tomography (CT) images were analyzed for femur symmetry using 3D Trauma and CT motion analysis (CTMA). Mirrored images of the left femur were created using the right as a template. The 3D images from each side were merged, and translational and rotational differences reported.
Results
There were no statistically significant differences between mirrored images of the left and right femurs. Differences in rotation and translation of bony segmentation showed a greater variation in internal and external rotation of the distal femur (CI − 0.7° to 4.9°) compared to varus/valgus (CI − 1.3° to 0.8°) or flexion/extension (CI − 0.5° to 0.6°), though none of these differences were significant.
Conclusion
The left and right femurs of healthy adults are symmetrical. Pre-operative templating relying on the contralateral healthy femur is encouraged.
The concept of homeostasis, the maintenance of the internal physiological environment of an organism within tolerable limits, is well established in medicine and physiology. In contrast, allostasis ...is a relatively new idea of 'viability through change'. With allostatic regulation by cephalic involvement, the body adapts to potentially diverse and dangerous situations through the activation of neural, hormonal, or immunological mechanisms. Allostasis explains how regulatory events maintain organismic viability, or not, in diverse contexts with varying set points of bodily needs and competing motivations. This 2005 book introduces the concept of allostasis and sets it alongside traditional views of homeostasis. It addresses basic regulatory systems and examines the behavior of bodily regulation under duress. The basic concepts of physiological homeostasis are integrated with disorders like depression, stress, anxiety and addiction. It will therefore appeal to graduate students, medical students and researchers working in physiology, epidemiology, endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, neuroscience, and psychology.
Abstract
Introduction
The musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve are branches from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus with a root value of C5, C6, and C7. The medial root of the median ...nerve is a branch of the medial cord. The present study aims at observing any variations in these peripheral nerves, so that this knowledge can be utilized by surgeons, anesthesiologists, and orthopedicians during surgical procedures and nerve block.
Materials and Methods
The present study was carried on 30 adult embalmed cadavers (60 upper limbs) in the department of anatomy of the Kasturba Medical College , Manipal, India. The infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus was dissected, and any anatomical variations in the formation and in the branching pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve and of the median nerve were noted and photographs were taken.
Results
The median nerve was noted to be formed from 3 roots in 8 out of 60 dissected upper limbs (13.33%). The musculocutaneous nerve was absent in 5% of the dissected limbs, and communications between these 2 nerves were noted in 13.33% of the dissected limbs.
Conclusions
Noted variations of the nerves may be of help to surgeons operating in the axillas and in the arms.
Abstract
Anatomical variations in the hepatic arteries and in the celiac trunk are important in liver transplants, laparoscopic surgeries, abdominal radiological interventions, and perforating ...injuries in the abdomen. The goal of the present report is to describe an abdominal vascular variation observed during a routine dissection in the Anatomy Laboratory of the Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil, in a male individual. The superior mesenteric artery had its origin in the celiac trunk and originated a right accessory hepatic artery that followed its path all the way to the liver. Several authors described variations in the origin and in the path of the hepatic artery and even created specific classifications. The advance of imaging methods that increase the number of studied individuals, without the need of dissection, aids exponentially the quantifying studies that seek to determine a pattern in the variations present in certain populations. The variations of the hepatic artery, as well as of the celiac trunk, have been extensively described in the literature; however, there is no pattern in the number of variations found both in the celiac trunk and in the regular hepatic artery, what leads to a need of description in each case found.
Information learned over a longer period of time has been shown to result in better long-term knowledge retention than information learned over a shorter period of time. In order to address multiple ...curricular goals, the timing and spacing of anatomy content within the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program at our institution recently changed from a very spaced to a very compressed format. The purpose of the present study was to assess differences in anatomy knowledge retention that might have been impacted by this change. The research hypothesis was that students receiving spaced instruction would have significantly better anatomy knowledge retention than students receiving massed instruction.
Participants consisted of two cohorts of DPT students that both received 45 contact hours of anatomy lecture and 90 contact hours of anatomy lab. The LONG cohort experienced anatomy through a lecture and lab taught over a 30-week, 2 semester period as separate courses. In contrast, the SHORT cohort took their anatomy lecture and lab concurrently over one 10-week semester. A pre-test was administered on the first day of their anatomy lecture course, and a post-test was administered to each cohort 18 months after completion of their last anatomy exam.
After controlling for age-related differences in the two groups, no significant differences in mean pre-test, post-test, or percentage improvement were found between cohorts (p = 0.516; 0.203; and 0.152, respectively).
These findings refute the hypothesis and show that both spaced and massed instruction in these cohorts resulted in the same level of long-term anatomy knowledge retention.
Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, medical education has gone online. Human anatomy is a three-dimensional subject that requires a clear understanding of the relationships between structures ...through the study of human cadavers, microscopic samples, and models. Objective: This study aimed to examine the attitudes and perceptions of students regarding teaching anatomy before and after the lockdown period and ways of improving the challenges they faced. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at AL Imam University School of Medicine. Structured surveys were designed to understand students' attitudes and opinions towards offline versus online teaching of anatomy and suggestions to improve the online teaching process. Results: The mean attitude scores for the conventional lectures, seminars, and practical sessions were significantly higher. Students expressed positive attitudes towards the three teaching modules. Students agreed that themes related to computer skills and technical Internet infrastructure (71.55%) and administrative procedures (61.74%) are essential for improving the online teaching process. Conclusion: Conventional learning is the main target of student learning. Improvements in computer skills, technical Internet infrastructure, learning resources, staff communication, examinations, and development of blended learning will enrich the learning process, especially during the impending challenges. Keywords: online learning, anatomy, COVID-19, challenges
The anatomical characteristics of the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) exhibit a high degree of variability, especially regarding its topography.
PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane ...Library, and Google Scholar were searched to identify all studies that included information regarding the morphometric and topographical characteristics of the AEA.
Ultimately, a compilation of 38 studies meeting the predetermined criteria, and possessing comprehensive and pertinent data, were incorporated into the current meta-analysis. In the overall analysis, reports of the AEA being embedded within the skull base or at the level of the skull base producing a bony protrusion were found in 56.91% of cases (95% CI: 43.55-69.80%). The mean diameters of the AEA in the intraorbital and intracranial areas were 0.94 mm and 0.76 mm, respectively. Moreover, the artery coursed most commonly between the second and third lamellae, with a prevalence of 65.82% (95% CI: 55.39-75.56%).
The AEA may be at a high risk of iatrogenic injury during various sinus and skull base surgeries, especially if the surgeon performing these procedures is unfamiliar with the vast number of variations this vessel may exhibit. The spatial relationship between this vessel and the skull base is especially variable, and understanding this variability goes hand in hand with intraoperative safety.
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