Data integrity and security protection are needed in the Internet of Things. IOTA technology with a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure is a solution to realize secure and scalable data ...transactions. Recent research IOTA is still faced with the issue of being vulnerable to splitting attacks and left-behind transactions. The splitting attack causes the network to confirm conflict transactions. Then, left-behind transactions cause the network to generate transactions that will not be confirmed. The selection tip weighted random walk (WRW) algorithm uses the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to overcome these two issues by applying the appropriate bias parameter (α). However, when the α is too large, it will produce a lot of left-behind transactions. Determining the optimal value of α is still an important research topic today. An E-IOTA study that gives several α values statically with random selection but can still produce more left-behind transactions than pure WRW. This paper proposes an optimization of the tip selection algorithm (DA-IOTA) to determine the optimal alpha (α) using an approach to dynamically determine each WRW step. The experimental results show that DA-IOTA produces fewer left-behind transactions than MCMC (WRW) and E-IOTA which use α parameters statically.
The emergence of distributed ledger technologies (DLT) and design limitations of Blockchain systems for some types of applications led to the development of cryptocurrency alternatives for various ...purposes. Iota is a cryptocurrency with a new architecture called Tangle, which promises high scalability, no fees, and near-instant transfers, focused on the Internet-of-Things (IoT) solutions. This paper aims to present a systematic community’s visions of this new technology and to provide minimum background to understand the Iota Tangle and ecosystem generated by this distributed Ledger. The first parts of this article describe the ecosystem behind Iota, theoretical mathematical foundation, and its challenges and solutions for implementation. In the second part, we presented systematic research about Iota Tangle in academic databases: IEEE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Research Gate. We select the articles those of high impact which can be filtered with the H5-index indicator. This criterion aims to guarantee that the papers analyzed underwent a careful selection process, evaluated by peers. The methodology used helped have a global vision of Iota, including that this innovation is not only understood as a cryptocurrency but can be considered as a “distributed communication protocol”, absence of fees, low latency, and low computational cost for sending transactions. However, there exist several challenges in the vanguard of development of this ledger. It could also be identified that this technology enables many possibilities, however, it is fundamental to understand the potentials and limitations of this ecosystem to generate the best use cases.
•Presentation the Tangle, and implementation solution behind IOTA.•High impact literature review about IOTA Tangle, using the H5-index indicator.•Potentials, limitations and open challenges of IOTA for different application types.•Scientific community’s view of IOTA.
Objectives
To evaluate the performance of a two‐step strategy compared with the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) ‐ Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa (ADNEX) model for ...preoperative classification of adnexal masses.
Methods
An ambispective diagnostic accuracy study based on ultrasound data collected at one university hospital between 2012 and 2018. Two ultrasonographers classified the adnexal masses using IOTA Simple Rules (first step). Not classifiable masses were evaluated using the IOTA ADNEX model (second step). Also, all masses were classified using the IOTA ADNEX model. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and negative likelihood ratio (LR−), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were estimated. A P value of <.05 was used to determine statistical significance.
Results
The study included 548 patients and 606 masses. Patients' median age was 41 years with an interquartile range between 32 and 51 years. In the first step, 89 (14%) masses were not classifiable. In the second step, 55 (61.8%) masses were classified as malignant. Furthermore, for the totality of 606 masses, the IOTA ADNEX model estimated the probability that 126 (20.8%) masses were malignant. The two‐step strategy had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR+, LR−, and ROC curve of 86.8%, 91.01%, 51.9%, 98.4%, 9.7, 0.1, and 0.889, respectively; compared to IOTA ADNEX model that had values of 91.8%, 87.16%, 44.4%, 99%, 7.1, 0.09, and 0.895, respectively.
Conclusion
The two‐step strategy shows a similar diagnostic performance when compared to the IOTA ADNEX model. The IOTA ADNEX model involves only one step and can be more practical, and thus would be recommended to use.
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Sucrose addition contributes to the rheology of carrageenan, which improves the quality of food that includes carrageenan as an additive. In the present study, the rheological behaviours of ...sucrose-supplemented iota carrageenan at different concentrations (0–20%, w/v) were determined. Easier gelation with a higher gelling temperature (51.4–57.4 °C) could be achieved by sucrose addition, and the trend could be predicted using mathematical models. Application of the Kirkwood-Buff theory demonstrated that exclusion effects of water and direct binding between sucrose and iota carrageenan are the possible mechanisms for the stabilisation, which act by providing significantly greater |ΔGu2| than |ΔGu1| from all samples using Clausius-Clapeyron equation (|ΔGu1| and |ΔGu2| are calculated KB parameters representing the contribution of the rearrangement of water and cosolvent around the solute to the thermodynamics of sol-gel transition). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy further confirmed the bindings by detecting band shifts (from 845 to 835 cm−1). The gel was the strongest (251.71 Pa) at 5% (w/v) sucrose; however, too much sucrose decreased the gel strength. The Winter-Chambon equation provided the fractal dimension df (2.22) and critical gel strength Sg (12.52 Pa•sn) at 5% (w/v) sucrose concentration, indicating the highest density and critical strength. The zeta potential (−0.92 mV) and confocal laser scanning microscopy images also showed the most abundant aggregates at 5% sucrose. Excess sucrose may form sucrose-sucrose hydrogen bonds that loosen the iota carrageenan network. A schematic representation was provided to show how sucrose could affect the structure and gelation of iota carrageenan (differs from kappa carrageenan) and the potential bonds related to the effect.
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•Sucrose addition stabilised the gel of iota carrageenan.•Exclusion effect contributed to the stabilisation.•Direct binding between sucrose and iota carrageenan enhanced stabilisation.•The strongest gels were formed at 5% (w/v) sucrose addition.•Too much sucrose loosened the structure of the iota carrageenan network.
The iota toxin (ITX) is a binary enterotoxin produced as a protoxin by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type E that is activated by proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine of infected ...animals. By depolymerization of the actin filaments, ITX causes cytoskeleton disorganization of cells promoting the increase of the cell permeability. Here, we conducted this review aiming to advance the understanding of enteric clostridial diseases caused by C. perfringens toxins and the specificity of ITX in the intestinal mucosa lesions. ITX consists of an enzymatic component (Ia) and a binding component (Ib). We screened the recently published histological findings of the ITX effects and its relationship with intestinal enteric diseases. Histologically, hemorrhagic necrosis and multifocal hemorrhage have been observed in the jejunum-ileum mucosa, the small intestine, and the abomasum. Although the diagnosis is still based on the presence of toxins in the intestinal contents and the clinical and/or histological history, it is important to develop novel enterotoxemic indicators capable of establishing precise methods for differentiate the actions of ITX and other toxins involved in the infectious process of C. perfringens type E.
This article answers the question, what are the testimonies that some caleño’s volunteers and inhabitants of this region have, regarding the pain and suffering of residents of Providencia, Colombia, ...due to the crisis caused by the hurricane IOTA in 2020? It begins by inquiring about the interrelation between work, religion, pain, and suffering in the west from a socio-historical perspective, to understand the meanings and the transformations that have occurred over time. Following Veena Das, the different testimonies obtained from the humanitarian help process, which was provided by firefighters and the Emergency Brigade of Public Service Companies; were used as methodology. The analysis was based on the ritual, body, and verbal language shown by those affected in order to manage their losses, which were analyzed from the perspective of the anthropology of pain and suffering. It is complemented with information generated by the media on the anniversary of the tragedy, as well as a day of fieldwork in the affected region.
Este artículo responde la pregunta ¿cuáles son los testimonios laborales de algunos voluntarios caleños y habitantes de la región sobre el dolor y el sufrimiento de los nativos de Providencia, Colombia, ante la crisis generada por el huracán IOTA en noviembre de 2020? Se inicia indagando sobre la interrelación entre trabajo, religión, dolor y sufrimiento en Occidente desde una perspectiva socio-histórica, para comprender los significados y sus transformaciones acontecidas en el tiempo. Metodológicamente y siguiendo a Veena Das, se emplean los diferentes testimonios construidos a partir del proceso de ayuda humanitaria prestada por los bomberos y la Brigada de Emergencia de las Empresas de Servicios Públicos. El análisis gira en torno al lenguaje ritual, corporal y verbal accionado por los afectados para manejar las pérdidas, analizado desde la óptica de la antropología del dolor y el sufrimiento. Se complementa con información generada por los medios de comunicación en el aniversario de la tragedia, además de una jornada de trabajo de campo en la región afectada. http://id.caicyt.gov.ar/ark:/s25912755/a29fmgg31
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) variant cells are deficient in the translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase Polη (eta). This protein contributes to DNA damage tolerance, bypassing unrepaired UV ...photoproducts and allowing S‐phase progression with minimal delay. In the absence of Polη, backup polymerases perform TLS of UV lesions. However, which polymerase plays this role in human cells remains an open question. Here, we investigated the potential role of Polι (iota) in bypassing ultraviolet (UV) induced photoproducts in the absence of Polη, using NER‐deficient (XP‐C) cells knocked down for Polι and/or Polη genes. Our results indicate that cells lacking either Polι or Polη have increased sensitivity to UVC radiation. The lack of both TLS polymerases led to increased cell death and defects in proliferation and migration. Loss of both polymerases induces a significant replication fork arrest and G1/S‐phase blockage, compared to the lack of Polη alone. In conclusion, we propose that Polι acts as a bona fide backup for Polη in the TLS of UV‐photoproducts.
Human cells have a complex system to replicate DNA lesions. We use human XP‐C (NER deficient) fibroblasts to investigate only the effects of DNA damage tolerance. After UV irradiation, pyrimidine dimers block replicative DNA polymerases (upper panel). However, a polymerase switch allows DNA polymerase eta (a translesion synthesis, TLS, DNA polymerase) to carry on the bypass and tolerance of the lesion, with no cell cycle effects, protecting cells from death. When DNA polymerase eta expression is silenced (middle panel), UV irradiation leads to a fork progression delay, reducing cell proliferation and inducing a cell cycle S‐phase arrest and cell death. When these cells with silenced DNA polymerase eta are also silenced for DNA polymerase iota expression (lower panel), UV irradiation leads to an increased fork blockage, with much reduced cell proliferation, cell cycle arrested at G/S‐phase and cell survival is further reduced. These results demonstrate that DNA polymerase iota acts as a backup TLS polymerase in the absence of DNA polymerase eta.
The evolution of universal systems has been of great interest to computer scientists. In particular, the role of Turing machines in the study of computational universality is widely recognized. Even ...though the patterns emerging from the evolution of this kind of dynamical system have been studied in much detail, the transition functions themselves have received less attention. In the present paper, the iota-delta function is used to encode the transition function of one-head Turing machines. In order to illustrate the methodology, we describe the transition functions of two universal Turing machines in terms of the latter function. By using the iota-delta function in this setting, Turing machines can be represented as a system of transition functions. This new representation allows us to write the transition functions as a linear combination of evolution variables wrapped by the iota-delta function. Thus, the nonlinear part of the evolution is totally described by the iota-delta function.
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