Artykuł jest oparty na dwóch intensywnych antropologicznych badaniach terenowych. Poświęcony jest gwałtownie zachodzącym procesom kulturowym wśród zbiorowości posługujących się do niedawna (a obecnie ...szczątkowo) wschodnioromańskimi dialektami wśród mieszkańców Istrii, tracących tożsamość językową, „rozpływających się” wśród chorwackiej większości, ulegających radykalnej integracji tożsamościowej i asymilacji do narodowej kultury chorwackiej. Interesuje mnie nie tyle historyczne pochodzenie grupy, ile jej samookreślenie, jak się okazuje, skomplikowana tożsamość wewnętrzna zbiorowości a także podejmowane przez lokalną inteligencję próby jej regeneracji poprzez naukę regionalnego języka romańskiego. Uwzględniony zostaje także aspekt miejsca w hierarchii społecznej lokalnych grup wschodnioromańskich Istrii w oczach sąsiadów i kulturowa walka o jego zmianę.
The second half of the 12th and the 13th century witnessed great institutional changes in Istrian towns due to the formation of communal government. This process, well-known in the Italian ...environment, included a certain degree of conflicts of interest with the local bishops. Two examples from Istria, namely the cities of Trieste and Poreč (Parenzo), lend themselves to interesting research. The bishops of Trieste, who held the public authority within the city walls from the mid-10th century onwards, presented a direct obstacle to the commune on its way towards complete autonomy. On the other hand, the bishops in Poreč understood the territory of the city district as the bishopric’s property. Their aspirations, which were based on the forged Privilegium Eufrasianum, also included fiscal and juridical powers and thus posed a problem for the communal development. Communes finally overcame both specific local situations; however, it is interesting to note that the reactions of the cathedral chapters differed greatly. Members of the chapter in Poreč stood by the bishop in his fight against the commune, which was backed by the power of Venice. Their counterparts in Trieste, though not so actively involved in the shift of the public power in the city, can eventually be regarded as the commune’s allies. The reasons for such different responses can be found not only in the practical, financial aspects, but also in the different relations within the bishopric in the previous centuries. Although cathedral chapters were not directly involved in the conflict and in the institutional changes per se, research into the relationship between chapters and bishops can provide an insight into bishoprics’ internal mechanisms that set the foundations for the late medieval and early modern period.
•Palaeosol associated with Upper Jurassic unconformity hosts glauconite.•Glauconite formed by halmyrolysis of a palaeosol.•Formation of glauconite was microbially mediated.•Glauconite may mark ...initial flooding of subaerially exposed terrain.•Glauconite as an indicator of paleolandscape and paleoenvironment.
Glauconite formation is generally perceived as a process occurring in deep-marine environments, but in the last few decades its formation in shallow-marine environments is progressively more recognised and utilized for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. One such example is the lower Kimmeridgian to upper Tithonian Zlatni Rt palaeosol, which is especially unique since the glauconite occurrence is hosted within the palaeosol material. Micromorphological, mineralogical, and chemical characterisation of the palaeosol was followed by the detailed analysis and description of glauconite using SEM-EDS, XRPD and FTIR. In addition, lithofacies and micropalaeontological analyses have been carried out on the carbonate succession under- and overlying the palaeosol in order to better understand the stratigraphic framework. The palaeosol formed in hydromorphic conditions, in contact with brackish to marine porewater, and is composed of mixed-layer illite–smectite, illite, kaolinite, vermiculite, pyrite, marcasite and titanium oxides. The glauconite was formed after the formation of the palaeosol, predominantly through fixation of potassium and iron into illite and mixed–layer illite–smectite, while part of the glauconite formed authigenically, with evidence for microbial influence. The glauconite is present in a more oxidised and more reduced form, which alternate together with pyrite in veins, indicating fluctuations in the redox potential. This can be connected to the variations in the supply of organic matter and sea-level oscillations during the initial stages of the transgression. Glauconite formation was locally followed by the formation of transgressive breccias and a complete drowning of the area. During this phase lagoonal Kirmenjak limestone was deposited throughout the area, while in the palaeosol coarse pyrite crystals precipitated. Presented study documents a unique glauconite occurrence and proposes that it can be successfully used for the detailed palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the initial flooding of subaerially exposed terrains.
•Relict tropical soil properties preserved in present-day humid subtropical climate.•Multiple evidence of polygenesis in a 3-meters-deep terra rossa soil profile.•Clay distribution along the soil ...profile clearly indicates lithic discontinuities.•Ferralitization and lessivage processes diagnosed throughout the terra rossa profile.•Fine clay dominated by authigenic kaolinite nanoparticles.
Terra rossa soils on the Istrian peninsula are generally considered polygenetic relict soils. They overlie and mark the youngest subaerial unconformity in the northwestern part of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform and are susceptible to erosional and redepositional processes. Terra rossa soils represent a valuable archive of information that can be used to understand present and past soil formation processes in the context of climate variability and landscape dynamics, especially in low-lying parts of the karst landscape where thicker deposits are typically found. We studied a 3 m thick terra rossa profile in a karst depression on the northernmost part of the southwestern Istrian planation surface and analysed the micromorphology, physical/chemical properties, geochemistry, bulk and clay mineralogy, and composition of heavy and light mineral fractions. The profile shows several signs of colluviation and polygenesis with clay distribution along the profile, clearly indicating lithic discontinuities. Kaolinisation, along with iron oxide formation, is the dominant process in the studied profile. Ferralitisation and lessivage processes were diagnosed throughout the profile, with intense clay translocation occurring despite the extremely stable soil microaggregates. In accordance with the WRB system, the profile is classified as Rhodic Lixisol (Clayic, Aric, Cutanic). This implies that some terra rossa soils, previously classified as e.g. Cambisols or Luvisols, might actually be Lixisols or other (sub-)tropical soils (e.g. Nitisols), in which relict properties are preserved in the present climate. The finding of a Lixisol in the study area indicates the old age of the surface of the karst depression and provides the first data on the burial history of the southwestern Istrian planation surface. We suggest the older Quaternary interglacials, the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (Pliocene) and the Miocene Climatic Optimum as favourable periods for the formation of the studied soil.
Stanje ribarstva u neposrednim poslijeratnim godinama u Istri za vrijeme Vojne uprave Jugoslavenske armije od 1945. do 1947. godine nije se često javljalo kao istraživačka tema. Problem svakako leži ...i u maloj količini arhivskoga gradiva koje se dotiče ove teme. S obzirom, dakle, na ograničen prostorni i vremenski okvir teme ovoga rada u uvodnim se poglavljima pruža kratak osvrt na stanje ribarstva i industrije prerade ribe u Istri u razdoblju od pokretanja prerađivačke ribarske industrije (kraj 19. st.) pa do kraja Drugoga svjetskog rata, a potom detaljnije na ponovno pokretanje rada te industrije neposredno po svršetku rata. U radu se ukazuje na neke od brojnih izazova s kojima se poslijeratna vlast suočila u obnovi i organizaciji samoga ribolova te u industriji prerade ribe. Za pokretanje ribarstva nužan je preduvjet bila uspostava suradnje sa svim uključenim sudionicima toga procesa. Taj zadatak nije se moglo postići isključivo strogim i tvrdim nametanjem nove doktrine , već postupnim upoznavanjem stanovništva s promjenama koje su nastupale i koje će utjecati na sve društvene procese. »Popularizacija« budućega privrednog napretka zemlje obuhvatila je i ribarstvo te se i u toj industrijskoj grani od svih uključenih, počevši od samih ribara pa do zaposlenih u prerađivačkim pogonima, očekivao doprinos u izgradnji bolje ekonomske budućnosti. Vlasti su svojim prvim potezima prvenstveno išle prema uspostavi reda i nadzora nad novim područjem te prema obuhvatnom uvidu u stanje gospodarskih resursa Istre. Komunističke su vlasti poduzimale napore da tehnološki unaprijede i olakšaju uvjete rada i ribolova i prerade. Uz pružanje pomoći ribarima jednako su tako kontinuirano ulagani napori u stvaranje boljih uvjeta i nesmetana rada u tvornicama za preradu. Poseban je izazov predstavljao nedostatak cjelogodišnjih zaliha potrebnih za kontinuiranu proizvodnju, potom pomanjkanje radne snage, pogotovo stručnoga kadra, te problem plasmana gotovih proizvoda. Ovo su bile stalne prepreke za koje su poslijeratne vlasti morale tražiti i stalno iznalaziti odgovarajuća rješenja. Gradivo fonda HR-DAPA-79 Oblasni narodni odbor za Istru (1945-1947) sadrži dokumente koji svjedoče o procesu obnove gospodarske djelatnosti u Istri, a samim time omogućuju detaljniju rekonstrukciju toga procesa.
The state of fisheries in the immediate post-war years in Istria during the Military Administration of the Yugoslav Army between 1945 and 1947 did not often arise as a research topic. The problem certainly lies also in the small amount of archival material addressing this topic. Given, therefore, the limited spatial and temporal framework of the topic of this paper, the introductory chapters provide a brief overview of the state of fishing and the fish processing industry in Istria in the period from the start of the fishing industry (end of the 19th century) until the end of the Second World War, and then, in more detail, of the resumption of the activities of that industry immediately after the end of the war. The paper points out some of the numerous challenges that the post-war government faced in the reconstruction and organization of fishing and the fish processing industry. The establishment of cooperation with all stakeholders in the process was a necessary prerequisite for the relaunching of fishing. This task could not be achieved solely by a strict and harsh imposition of a new doctrine, but by gradually familiarizing the population with the changes which were being introduced and which would affect all social processes. The "popularization" of the country's future economic progress also included fishing, and everyone involved in this industrial branch, starting from the fishermen and ending with the employees of processing plants, was expected to contribute to building a better economic future. The authorities' first moves were primarily aimed at establishing order and supervision over the new area, and at providing a comprehensive insight into the state of economic resources in Istria. The communist authorities undertook efforts to technologically improve and facilitate the conditions of work of both fishing and processing. In addition to providing assistance to fishermen, efforts were also continuously made to create better conditions and smooth functioning in the processing plants. A special challenge was the lack of year-round supplies needed for continuous production, the lack of manpower, especially qualified personnel, and the problem of placing finished products. These were constant obstacles which the post-war authorities had to tackle and constantly find appropriate solutions for. The fonds HR-DAPA-79 Regional People's Committee for Istria (1945-1947) contains documents that bear witness to the process of rehabilitation of economic activity in Istria, thus enabling a more detailed reconstruction of that process.
La situazione relativa all'attività di pesca negli anni dell'immediato dopoguerra in Istria, durante l'Amministrazione militare dell'Armata jugoslava, dal 1945 al 1947, non appariva spesso tra i temi di ricerca. Il problema sta ovviamente anche nella piccola quantità di materiale archivistico che affronta questo argomento. Quindi, prendendo in considerazione il limitato quadro spaziale e temporale del tema di questo lavoro, nei capitoli introduttivi viene riportato un breve cenno sulla situazione relativa all'attività di pesca e all'industria di lavorazione del pesce in Istria nel periodo che va dall'avvio dell'industria di lavorazione del pesce ( fine del XIX secolo) alla fine della Seconda guerra mondiale, e successivamente, in modo più dettagliato, sul riavviamento dell'attività industriale subito dopo la fine della guerra. Il testo denota alcune delle numerose sfide affrontate dalle autorità del dopoguerra relative al ripristino e all' organizzazione della pesca e dell'industria di lavorazione del pesce. Per l'avvio della pesca un presupposto importante è stato quello di instaurare la collaborazione con tutti gli attori coinvolti nel processo. Questo compito non si poteva realizzare esclusivamente imponendo in modo rigoroso e duro una nuova dottrina ma facendo conoscere gradualmente agli abitanti i cambiamenti verificati che avrebbero influenzato tutti i processi sociali. La „popolarizzazione“ della futura crescita economica del Paese ha interessato anche il settore della pesca e, di conseguenza, da tutti gli attori coinvolti in questo settore dell'industria, dai pescatori ai lavoratori negli impianti di lavorazione, ci si aspettava un contributo nella creazione di un futuro economico migliore. Le prime mosse delle autorità erano finalizzate a stabilire l'ordine e la vigilanza del nuovo territorio e a ottenere una visione completa dello stato delle risorse economiche dell'Istria. Le autorità comuniste si sono impegnate a migliorare tecnologicamente e ad agevolare le condizioni di lavoro sia della pesca che della lavorazione del pesce. Oltre ad aiutare i pescatori ci si impegnava costantemente a creare condizioni migliori garantendo un buon funzionamento degli impianti di trasformazione. Una sfida particolare era rappresentata dalla mancanza di scorte necessarie per la produzione ininterrotta su base annua, la carenza di manodopera, soprattutto di personale qualificato, e il problema di commercializzazione dei prodotti finiti. Questi erano gli ostacoli costanti per cui le autorità del dopoguerra hanno dovuto cercare e trovare soluzioni adeguate. Il materiale del fondo HR-DAPA-79 Comitato popolare regionale per l'Istria (1945-1947) contiene documenti che testimoniano il processo di ripristino dell' attività economica in Istria, e, di conseguenza, consentono una ricostruzione più dettagliata di tale processo.
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