Scientists are required to communicate science and research not only to other experts in the field, but also to scientists and experts from other fields, as well as to the public and policymakers. ...One fundamental suggestion when communicating with non-experts is to avoid professional jargon. However, because they are trained to speak with highly specialized language, avoiding jargon is difficult for scientists, and there is no standard to guide scientists in adjusting their messages. In this research project, we present the development and validation of the data produced by an up-to-date, scientist-friendly program for identifying jargon in popular written texts, based on a corpus of over 90 million words published in the BBC site during the years 2012-2015. The validation of results by the jargon identifier, the De-jargonizer, involved three mini studies: (1) comparison and correlation with existing frequency word lists in the literature; (2) a comparison with previous research on spoken language jargon use in TED transcripts of non-science lectures, TED transcripts of science lectures and transcripts of academic science lectures; and (3) a test of 5,000 pairs of published research abstracts and lay reader summaries describing the same article from the journals PLOS Computational Biology and PLOS Genetics. Validation procedures showed that the data classification of the De-jargonizer significantly correlates with existing frequency word lists, replicates similar jargon differences in previous studies on scientific versus general lectures, and identifies significant differences in jargon use between abstracts and lay summaries. As expected, more jargon was found in the academic abstracts than lay summaries; however, the percentage of jargon in the lay summaries exceeded the amount recommended for the public to understand the text. Thus, the De-jargonizer can help scientists identify problematic jargon when communicating science to non-experts, and be implemented by science communication instructors when evaluating the effectiveness and jargon use of participants in science communication workshops and programs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mechanical systems can display topological characteristics similar to that of topological insulators. Here we report a large class of topological mechanical systems related to the BDI symmetry class. ...These are self-assembled chains of rigid bodies with an inversion centre and no reflection planes. The particle-hole symmetry characteristic to the BDI symmetry class stems from the distinct behaviour of the translational and rotational degrees of freedom under inversion. This and other generic properties led us to the remarkable conclusion that, by adjusting the gyration radius of the bodies, one can always simultaneously open a gap in the phonon spectrum, lock-in all the characteristic symmetries and generate a non-trivial topological invariant. The particle-hole symmetry occurs around a finite frequency, and hence we can witness a dynamical topological Majorana edge mode. Contrasting a floppy mode occurring at zero frequency, a dynamical edge mode can absorb and store mechanical energy, potentially opening new applications of topological mechanics.
What's in a Name? Reiling, Jennifer
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association,
09/2015, Letnik:
314, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
An article published on Sep 6, 1965 is revisited. It is stressed that as circumstances alter, so do words change their meanings. In medicine, for example, the "names" of diseases represent concepts ...very different from those of even a dozen years ago. If people belong to the progressive group in the forefront of scientific knowledge, they grasp and use the new meanings. If they remain with the older less mobile groups, they may adhere only to the older meanings and find that the newer concepts escape them.
A prática empírica pode refletir em uma ciência de modo desfavorável, pois baseia-se unicamente em vivências e faltando-lheconhecimento científico. Essa prática empírica reflete na comunicação entre ...os profissionais, pois deixa de utilizara terminologia específica e adequada. Outra vertente que também interfere na comunicação dos profissionais de determinada área é a carência de terminologia e a sua inexistência depadronização, uma vez que obstruem o desenvolvimento da ciência, assim como dificulta as pesquisas cientificas em torno de determinado assunto. No que concerne a definição de diagnóstico de arquivo, considera-se a definição apresentada nos dicionários que versam sobre a terminologia arquivística um tanto quanto simplista e abrangente. Outro ponto é a pluralidade de termos designados para o fenômeno diagnóstico de arquivo. Diante disso, coloca-se como questão problema desta pesquisa: quais os benefícios da padronização e ampliação da definição de diagnóstico de arquivo à Arquivologia? Propor um termo para padronizar e ampliar a definição dediagnóstico de arquivo é o objetivo geral desta pesquisa. Para atender o problema proposto e alcançar o objetivo geral apresentado, esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como qualitativa, do tipo descritiva, sendo a base principal o levantamento bibliográfico e documental. Como principal resultado identificou-se as variáveis que refletem na composição do arquivo, apresentou-se o termo Mapeamento arquivístico como proposta terminológica para diagnóstico de arquivo, bem como uma definição que segue explanada no texto.
Introduction:
Ambulance times are internationally recognized Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for prehospital care. International benchmarking by comparing ambulance times between countries is a ...valuable method to help to identify strengths and weaknesses across healthcare systems. However, ambulance times are not standardized across or sometimes even within countries. Thus, this benchmarking study aims to compare terminology and definitions of ambulance times from the ambulance services of a range of countries to facilitate international benchmarking.
Method:
A 23-point questionnaire was developed and pilot-tested on members of international emergency care organizations. The final questionnaire was administered to domestic and international Ambulance Services, who use the Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System, asking for the terminology and definitions for times from “call received” to “arrival at hospital”. This included “clock start” and “clock stop” times. We asked for the ambulance terms and related variable names in the computer aided dispatch/reporting system. We engaged with clinical stakeholders and Patient and Public Involvement Contributors throughout the process.
Results:
We gathered information from 10 international ambulance services, representing nine countries, and three continents. Some services in the United Kingdom have standardized ambulance times terminology and definitions. However, in the majority of cases terminology differed greatly between countries, and at times within countries and between reports. Definitions of ambulance times varied between countries and regions, with some having different clock start and stop times and others not collecting data on the same time periods.
Conclusion:
The current level of variation in international ambulance times terminology and definitions poses a challenge for international benchmarking and research. International consensus or harmonization of language and definitions would result in more efficient and accurate global comparison. On a smaller scale, defining terms in publications and reports would begin facilitating this process.
Despite the substantial gains in our understanding of NAFLD/NASH over the past 2 decades, there has been some dissatisfaction with the terminology “non‐alcoholic” which overemphasizes “alcohol” and ...underemphasizes the root cause of this liver disease, namely, the predisposing metabolic risk factors. As a potential remedy, a name change from NAFLD to metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed. Although MAFLD reflects the relevant risk factors for this liver disease, this term is still suboptimal, leaving a great deal of ambiguity. Here, we caution that changing the name without understanding its broad implications can have a negative impact on the field. In this context, changing the terminology without new understanding of the molecular basis of the disease entity, new insights in risk stratification or other important aspect of this liver disease, can create unnecessary confusion which could negatively impact the field. At a time when the field is facing substantial challenges around disease awareness as well as clarity of acceptable endpoints for drug development and biomarker discovery, changing the terminology from one suboptimal name to another suboptimal name without full assessment is expected to deepen these challenges. In the context of this debate about terminology, we recommend the creation of a true international consensus group to include all the relevant scientific liver societies (AASLD, EASL, ALEH, APASL), patient advocacy organizations, bio‐pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies and policy makers. A consensus meeting must assess the impact and consequences of changing the terminology based on the available evidence and make recommendations that will move the field forward. By this approach, a true collaborative international and inclusive consensus can be adopted by all stakeholders dealing with this important global liver disease.
Refusing Resilience Lewis, Kristen
Esse,
04/2023, Letnik:
108
Journal Article
A Google search for the strategy brings up a color-blocked website emblazoned with a trio of "empowering" soundbite colloquialisms: ADAPT TO THRIVE; CONNECT TO OPPORTUNITY; TRANSFORM CITY SYSTEMS. A ...closer look at the strategy reveals more of the same jargon, only in longer format and with more motivational subheadings. On each page, "resilience" is transformed into "resilience value," with environmental and social existence palatably quantified to satisfy donors and "protect critical economic assets." This discursive tactic is a symptom of what political theorist Naomi Klein calls disaster capitalism, a political strategy that pushes neo-liberal policies in the aftermath of a shocking catastrophe.
Introduction
The terminology for female and male pelvic floor muscle (PFM) assessment has expanded considerably since the first PFM function and dysfunction standardization of terminology document in ...2005. New terms have entered assessment reports, and new investigations to measure PFM function and dysfunction have been developed. An update of this terminology was required to comprehensively document the terms and their definitions, and to describe the assessment method and interpretation of the finding, to standardize assessment procedures and aid diagnostic decision making.
Methods
This report combines the input of members of the Standardisation Committee of the International Continence Society (ICS) Working Group 16, with contributions from recognized experts in the field and external referees. A logical, sequential, clinically directed assessment framework was created against which the assessment process was mapped. Within categories and subclassifications, each term was assigned a numeric coding. A transparent process of 12 rounds of full working group and external review was undertaken to exhaustively examine each definition, plus additional extensive internal development, with decision making by collective opinion (consensus).
Results
A Terminology Report for the symptoms, signs, investigations, and diagnoses associated with PFM function and dysfunction, encompassing 185 separate definitions/descriptors, has been developed. It is clinically based with the most common assessment processes defined. Clarity and user‐friendliness have been key aims to make it interpretable by clinicians and researchers of different disciplines.
Conclusion
A consensus‐based Terminology Report for assessment of PFM function and dysfunction has been produced to aid clinical practice and be a stimulus for research.
Introduction
The terminology for adult neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (ANLUTD) should be defined and organized in a clinically based consensus Report.
Methods
This Report has been created ...by a Working Group under the auspices and guidelines of the International Continence Society (ICS) Standardization Steering Committee (SSC) assisted at intervals by external referees. All relevant definitions for ANLUTD were updated on the basis of research over the last 14 years. An extensive process of 18 rounds of internal and external review was involved to exhaustively examine each definition, with decision‐making by collective opinion (consensus).
Results
A Terminology Report for ANLUTD, encompassing 97 definitions (42 NEW and 8 CHANGED, has been developed. It is clinically based with the most common diagnoses defined. Clarity and user‐friendliness have been key aims to make it interpretable by practitioners and trainees in all the different groups involved not only in lower urinary tract dysfunction but additionally in many other medical specialties.
Conclusion
A consensus‐based Terminology Report for ANLUTD has been produced to aid clinical practice and research.
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