Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is common during ageing and can present as stroke, cognitive decline, neurobehavioural symptoms, or functional impairment. SVD frequently coexists with ...neurodegenerative disease, and can exacerbate cognitive and other symptoms and affect activities of daily living. Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging 1 (STRIVE-1) categorised and standardised the diverse features of SVD that are visible on structural MRI. Since then, new information on these established SVD markers and novel MRI sequences and imaging features have emerged. As the effect of combined SVD imaging features becomes clearer, a key role for quantitative imaging biomarkers to determine sub-visible tissue damage, subtle abnormalities visible at high-field strength MRI, and lesion-symptom patterns, is also apparent. Together with rapidly emerging machine learning methods, these metrics can more comprehensively capture the effect of SVD on the brain than the structural MRI features alone and serve as intermediary outcomes in clinical trials and future routine practice. Using a similar approach to that adopted in STRIVE-1, we updated the guidance on neuroimaging of vascular changes in studies of ageing and neurodegeneration to create STRIVE-2.
There has been a recent shift from person-first to identity-first language to describe autism. In this study, Australian adults who reported having a diagnosis of autism (
N
= 198) rated and ranked ...autism-terms for preference and offensiveness, and explained their choice in free-text. ‘Autistic’, ‘Person on the Autism Spectrum’, and ‘Autistic Person’ were rated most preferred and least offensive overall. Ranked-means showed ‘person on the autism spectrum’ was the most preferred term overall. Six qualitative themes reflected (1) autism as core to, or (2) part of one’s identity, (3) ‘spectrum’ reflecting diversity, (4) the rejection of stigmatising and (5) medicalised language, and (6) pragmatics. These findings highlight the importance of inclusive dialogue regarding individual language preference.
With the accession of Croatia to NATO, Croatian military terminology was confronted with a vast and complex terminological pool in English, for which Croatian equivalents had to be developed. This ...paper aims to address and investigate both latent and conspicuous mirroring of English term-formation patterns at all linguistic levels, as well as calqueing as a mechanism for creating Croatian equivalents. The research was undertaken on a corpus-verified excerpt of terms that were subjected to terminological analysis. Prima facie observations confirmed the efforts of subject matter experts to develop contemporary Croatian military terminology using Croatian language material. However, multiple criteria revealed the sample was debatable, both from the perspective of the standard Croatian language and of terminological principles. The research demonstrated that Croatian (terminological) term formation – as the most desirable method of term formation – is significantly underrepresented and dominated by latent linguistic borrowing (calques) and multiword term units. Because multiword terms constitute the most prevalent subgroup of terms today, they were given additional consideration, especially as Anglo-American structures and patterns are most closely emulated at this level of term formation. Anglo-American formation patterns frequently take priority, typically under the pretext of their alleged precision and transparency, despite the Croatian language substantial inherent term-formation potential. To systematize military terminology and introduce stability into the conceptual system, the author deemed it beneficial to go beyond the merely descriptive level of research and render solutions for terminological gaps or the terminology requiring revision and normative preference by undertaking concrete normative interventions and providing practical paradigmatic models. Finally, the rendered solutions were designed to both catalyze future interventions in Croatian military terminology and revise the current one.
To identify common recommendations for high-quality care for the most common musculoskeletal (MSK) pain sites encountered by clinicians in emergency and primary care (spinal (lumbar, thoracic and ...cervical), hip/knee (including osteoarthritis OA and shoulder) from contemporary, high-quality clinical practice guidelines (CPGs).
Systematic review, critical appraisal and narrative synthesis of MSK pain CPG recommendations.
Included MSK pain CPGs were written in English, rated as high quality, published from 2011, focused on adults and described development processes. Excluded CPGs were for: traumatic MSK pain, single modalities (eg, surgery), traditional healing/medicine, specific disease processes (eg, inflammatory arthropathies) or those that required payment.
Four scientific databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Physiotherapy Evidence Database) and four guideline repositories.
6232 records were identified, 44 CPGs were appraised and 11 were rated as high quality (low back pain: 4, OA: 4, neck: 2 and shoulder: 1). We identified 11 recommendations for MSK pain care: ensure care is patient centred, screen for red flag conditions, assess psychosocial factors, use imaging selectively, undertake a physical examination, monitor patient progress, provide education/information, address physical activity/exercise, use manual therapy only as an adjunct to other treatments, offer high-quality non-surgical care prior to surgery and try to keep patients at work.
These 11 recommendations guide healthcare consumers, clinicians, researchers and policy makers to manage MSK pain. This should improve the quality of care of MSK pain.
Research on the social implications of technological developments is highly relevant. However, a broader comprehension of current innovations and their underlying theoretical frameworks is limited by ...their rapid evolution, as well as a plethora of different terms and definitions. The terminology used to describe current innovations varies significantly among disciplines, such as social sciences and computer sciences. This article contributes to systematic and cross-disciplinary research on current technological applications in everyday life by identifying the most relevant concepts (i.e., Ubiquitous Computing, Internet of Things, Smart Objects and Environments, Ambient Environments and Artificial Intelligence) and relating them to each other. Key questions, core aspects, similarities and differences are identified. Theoretically disentangling terminology results in four distinct analytical dimensions (connectivity, invisibility, awareness, and agency) that facilitate and address social implications. This article provides a basis for a deeper understanding, precise operationalisations, and an increased anticipation of impending developments.
The paper deals with the issue of new terms in the information society. The authors consider the concepts of neologism, legal term and terminoid giving examples. The paper states that currently the ...process of neologization in the Russian-language legal discourse is characterized by the fact that one of the active sources of terminology are terminoids which initially operate in new fields of law and function for nominating innovative technologies in law. The authors mark two ways of appearing new terms in legal terminology with regard to the language of civil contracts. Focusing on borrowing as one of the most productive sources of replenishing legal terminology, the authors consider new lexemes connected with innovative concepts and digitalization. The paper shows the analysis of terminological units borrowed from the English language. The authors conclude that the current term system of both legal discourse in general and the sphere of civil law in particular is flexible, mobile, susceptible to previously unproductive ways of forming or borrowing terms, and even the use of terms with the preservation of English spelling, as well as metaphor terms.
The article looks into the issue of translation equivalence based on semantic and pragmatic approaches to specialised terminology as used in institutional academic settings. The relations of full, ...near and partial equivalence and no-equivalence were analysed for pairs of Ukrainian and English terms and semi-terms selected from texts on Ukrainian university sites, representing examples of Ukrainian translation from English. Parallels were made with specialised English institutional terminology used on original British university sites. The material analysed demonstrated a low degree of homogeneity of the two terminological systems resulting from different approaches to understanding the objectives of university tuition, its principles and procedures. Conclusions were drawn as to the translator’s success or failure in achieving equivalence, which was shown to depend on taking into account a number of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The importance of semantic structure analysis of terminology in both languages was demonstrated to facilitate the avoidance of translation failures, the task being unduly complex given the absence of comprehensive specialised bilingual dictionaries.
The article proposes a technology for constructing and defines the directions of using the corpus based on publications of the World Intellectual Property Organization. The corpus is created for the ...purpose of inventory and research of branding terminology. The methods of corpus linguistics related to pragmatics and technology of construction and processing of unmarked corpora were used in the study. The approaches to the selection of the language material underlying the target corpus and its structure are described, and then the features of using the corpus for the purposes of the study of branding terminology are shown. The target corpus consists of two subcorpora, which are based on term-fixing and term-rich special English-language texts connected by certain parameters. The subcorpus of official documents containing terminology is important for creating a dictionary of highly specialized terms with definitions of branding concepts that allow determining the volume of concepts nominated by terms and reflecting the connections that exist between them. The purpose of the subcorpus, which includes the texts of publications of the WIPO Magazine, is to compile a frequency dictionary and identify the frequency of terms recorded in the subcorpus, followed by context analysis based on the use of concordances. The directions of using the corpus consist in extracting meta-textual information and contexts of the use of certain linguistic elements and constructions, which makes it possible to identify the frequency and component composition of terms and trace the representation of different types and volumes of knowledge by the term in official and scientific-publicistic specialized discourses.
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