The media delivers information and data to the public, which means that the media should be objective and credible. The broader image of the media in the world, however, is not at all good. Public ...opinion polls and opinions of respected world journalists indicate currently key problems, such as a high level of unreliability, sensationalism, publication errors that are usually not corrected and inadequate disclosure of important information. One of the most emphasized problems is the dependence of the media on the source of funding, which calls into question their objectivity, their impact on society and a number of other problems. According to this thesis, many individuals “pump” the money into media, so that the media plays a huge role in creating public opinion. The media experience a growing sense of power so they growingly use their power in the most aggressive and selfish possible manner. Today, with the existence of certain regulations that control the purchase and sale of media, the manipulation of power takes place at the highest level. According to such an opinion, manipulating the media is a major disease that is spreading through our society. This is confusing to people because anyone can promote whatever they want as long as they have enough money. This article accordingly, highlights several recent examples of media dysfunction. The latest example is based on the so-called pandemic disease COVID-19 media covering. Ever since the COVID-19 crisis begun, the central media have exposed all their bias. Moreover, they propagated the idea of COVID-19 as a severe pandemic and the idea of vaccine as a lifesaving approach. They wrote about the ‘worst disease in history’, about a ‘life-saving solution in the form of a vaccine’, about ‘how drugs do not work at all’, etc. So they selected data and still do so through their ‘scientific media heroes’, excluding all other scientific facts that indicated or confirmed opposing views (PCR test and declaration of a pandemic, ineffectiveness and even harmfulness of vaccines, false scientific studies, etc.). An example of a perhaps greatest dangers that occurred to the media is also presented – the so called journalism of the Faktograf type. Under the guise of scientific scrutiny, medically undereducated journalists give themselves the right to comment and present the “universal truth” in public, almost always referring to selected scientific facts without the whole information context. They are not concerned by the evidence (meta-study - example of wearing masks, PCR diagnostics, meaninglessness of lockdown, Ivermectin). The verification of information started due to a need to verify the source and type of information but has ended now in the complete opposite and has degenerated from the starting idea. This is just an example pointing to a need for restructuring of the current media, to make them financially independent and re-install the reporting objectivity. The media should not create public opinion in any way but provide credible information and the look on the whole context.
U članku su prezentirani rezultati istraživanja o strukturi komentara sudionika e-savjetovanja o arhivskim propisima i planskim dokumentima u Hrvatskoj. Podatci su prikupljeni metodom kvantitativne ...analize sadržaja pojedinačnih izvješća o provedenim savjetovanjima od 2017. do 2020. godine dostupnih na portalu e-Savjetovanja i popratnih dokumenata. Nakon uvoda i opisa metodologije istraživanja, prezentirani su rezultati istraživanja te se o njima raspravlja. U obliku tabličnih i grafičkih prikaza prezentirani su podatci o statusu komentara (prihvaćeno, djelomično prihvaćeno, neprihvaćeno, primljeno na znanje, neodgovoreno) po pojedinom e-savjetovanju, te prema dvjema skupinama sudionika: stručna arhivska zajednica i stala zainteresirana javnost (prema broju i u postotku). Prihvaćeni i djelomično prihvaćeni komentari analizirani su i sadržajno te pritom razvrstani u dvije osnovne kategorije: tehnički i stručni komentari. S jedne strane, rezultati takve analize mogu se tumačiti kao pokazatelj stupnja kompetentnosti sudionika e-savjetovanja. S druge strane, može ih se smatrati važnim čimbenikom u objašnjavanju ishoda e-savjetovanja, tj. sklonosti zakonodavca da (ne)uvaži zaprimljene prijedloge.
The Bulletin d’ archives from 2021 published the results of a survey on participants in public consultations (e-counsellings) on regulations and planning documents on public archival service in Croatia. The subject was suited for a complete elaboration, since in the period from 2017 to 2020 the competent Ministry of Culture (renamed in July 2020 into Ministry of Culture and Media) had carried out counsellings via the central internet portal on eight legal acts (two laws, five ordinances and one planning document). Apart from the new ordi-nance on registers and other official archival documentation that has yet to be regulated, this constitutes a comprehensive normative and planning framework of the public archival service. Inter alia, the results of that research indicated a rather low level of interest of the general public, as well as the professional archi-val community for the normative infrastructure of the public archival service. The lower turnout was put into context of influences of the e-counsellings that had so far taken place, regarding the formation of the final proposals of legal acts in terms of the level of acceptance of the sent suggestions (comments). Analysis of this segment, i.e. the status with which the comments were marked after the e-counsellings (accepted, partially accepted, not accepted, duly noted, unan-swered) are presented in this paper. This seeks to encourage scientific interest in further research on this topic, especially within the ALM community (archives, libraries, museums). The results of the research show that the Ministry of Culture and Media, as the competent state administration institution, fully or partially accepted 79 or 19.1 % of the total of 412 sent comments. This percentage is slightly lower than the average percentage of accepted and partially accepted comments on e-counsellings at the state level (24 %). Analysis of the structure of comments by two groups of participants (professional archival community, gen-eral public) showed an equal share of accepted and partially accepted comments in the total number of comments submitted by each group (18.8 % of comments of the professional archival community and 20 % of comments of the general public). Accepted and partially accepted comments were also analysed according to their content and classified into two basic categories: technical and profes-sional comments. The share of unaccepted comments turned out to be very high (201 comments or 48.8 %). Nevertheless, as a kind of incentive for participation on future e-counsellings, it should be noted that two thirds of the accepted com-ments are related to professional comments. Although modest in terms of num-ber or percentage (53 comments or 13 % of the total of 412 comments sent to the analysed e-counsellings), this data still reflects the valuable contribution of participants in shaping the normative infrastructure of the archival service, i.e. respect for their competence by the legislator.
Old and new terminologies in communication studies spin mercantile metaphors of transportation and distribution that cover like a veil the field’s rootedness in a capitalist lexicon and a capitalist ...history. Its threads bewilder enough to have spurred harmonising and differentiating accounts in communication theory and conceptions of the public—veils of capitalist justifications firmly tethered in the evolution of capitalist society. Thus an industrialising past of commercial interests also knits accounts today of “communication” and “the public.” Woven as a well-conventionalised lexicon, a few threads tether the rest, obdurately, in plain sight. “Message,” “network,” “audience,” “content,” among others, support a capitalist past and a fast-capitalist present. Communication theory thus becomes a useful tool of fast capitalism.
V prispevku so obravnavane poglavitne spremembe v rekonceptualizacijah javnega mnenja skozi tri temeljna zgodovinska obdobja in v njih prevladujoče paradigme: (1) zgodnje obdobje javnega mnenja kot ...normativne utopije, ki so jo kmalu začele razjedati ekonomske spremembe, ki so spremenile družbeno vlogo tiska, in empirične sociološke analize »latentnih« (dis)funkcij javnega mnenja; (2) obdobje empirične substitucije javnega mnenja z mnenjskimi poizvedbami, oprtimi na kvantitativne metode sistematičnega zbiranja in statistične analize podatkov ter »teorijo prima facie« permanentnega referenduma, ki jo je postavil Gallup; (3) obdobje velikega podatkovja, v katerem sistematično »merjenje mnenj« z zbiranjem podatkov v obliki odgovorov na vprašanja vse bolj nadomešča permanentno avtomatizirano ugotavljanje in napovedovanje mnenjskih in vedenjskih vzorcev posameznikov iz (meta) podatkov, ki jih pretežno nevede generirajo in puščajo v socialnih omrežjih, in v katerem ideje zgodnje normativne kritike družbeno nadzorovalne disfunkcije javnega mnenja aktualizira kritična analiza korporativnih praks panoptičnega podatkovnega nadzorovanja (»dataveillance«). Ključno vprašanje pri tem je, ali pojmi javnost, javno mnenje in javna sfera v dobi »upodatkovljenja javnega mnenja« še (lahko) ohranjajo zgodovinsko kritično družbeno ost.
Review of:
Pavo Barišić, Ideal vladavine puka. Uvod u filozofiju demokracije, Hrvatsko filozofsko društvo, Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Splitu, Zagreb, Split 2016.
Uključivanje javnosti u proces izrade propisa vrlo je važno i aktualno pitanje upravne znanosti i prakse. Usprkos rastućem i sve rafiniranijem znanstvenom interesu za temu participacije, kompleksno ...pitanje njezine djelotvornosti još uvijek zaokuplja pažnju istraživača. Postojeća istraživanja prepoznaju potrebu za uvažavanjem perspektiva uključenih aktera u procesu participacije te ukazuju na postojanje različitih percepcija djelotvornosti participacije. Jedan od najčešće korištenih instrumenata upravne participacije su savjetovanja s javnošću. U Hrvatskoj su savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću (e-savjetovanja od 2013.) relativno nov instrument participacije javnosti u donošenju propisa i politika, koji nije šire analiziran. Svrha je ovog rada istražiti stavove dviju kategorija aktera uključenih u proces e-savjetovanja – upravnih službenika i zainteresirane javnosti (sudionika) – kako bi se odgovorilo na temeljno istraživačko pitanje o razlici u percepciji djelotvornosti e-savjetovanja. Nalazi istraživanja, prikupljeni metodama upitnika i intervjua, sugeriraju da se stavovi službenika i sudionika značajno razlikuju u ocjeni razine utjecaja javnosti i u detekciji glavnih problema provedbe e-savjetovanja, a umjereno u identificiranju ciljeva e-savjetovanja.
Citizens’ involvement in the regulatory process has become a very prominent issue in administrative science and practice. Despite growing and more refined interest in the topic, the complex issue of public participation effectiveness still preoccupies scholars. The existing research generally recognizes the desirability to recognize the perspectives of different actors involved in the participatory process. It also points at the existence of various actors’ perceptions with regard to participation effectiveness. Public consultations represent a common instrument of administrative participation. In Croatia, public consultations (e-consultations since 2013) represent a rather novel instrument for involving the public in the regulatory process, which has not undergone wide scientific analysis. The purpose of this paper is to explore the attitudes of two main categories of actors involved in e-consultations – civil servants and interested public (participants) – in order to answer the research question regarding the existence of different perceptions of e-consultations effectiveness. Research findings, obtained by means of questionnaires and interviews, suggest that civil servants’ and participants’ attitudes significantly differ in the evaluation of public influence as well as in the detection of the main problems related to e-consultations implementation, while the perceptions of the main purposes of e-consultations vary only moderately.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
U članku su prezentirani rezultati istraživanja o sudionicima savjetovanja s javnošću (e-savjetovanja) o propisima i planskim dokumentima kojima se uređuju organizacija i obavljanje javne arhivske ...službe u Hrvatskoj. Podatci su prikupljeni metodom kvantitativne analize sadržaja pojedinačnih izvješća o provedenim savjetovanjima od 2017. do 2020. godine dostupnih na središnjem mrežnom portalu e-Savjetovanja i popratnih dokumenata. Nakon uvoda slijedi teorijski dio, u kojem je ukratko opisan normativni okvir provedbe e-savjetovanja u Hrvatskoj, arhivski propisi i planski dokument, o kojima je provedeno e-savjetovanje te metodologija istraživanja. Potom su prezentirani rezultati istraživanja te se o njima raspravlja. Prezentirani podatci o broju i strukturi sudionika (fizičke osobe, razne kategorije pravnih osoba) te broju komentara koje upućuju (ukupno i po pojedinom e-savjetovanju) interpretirani su kao važan pokazatelj zainteresiranosti društvene okoline za javnu arhivsku službu, odnosno rad državnih arhiva kojima je njezino obavljanje povjereno. S druge strane, sudjelovanje u e-savjetovanjima pojedinih strukovnih arhivističkih društava, državnih arhiva i njihovih administrativnih i stručnih djelatnika interpretirano je kao pokazatelj zainteresiranosti za jačanje normativne infrastrukture vlastite službe.
Counsellings with the public are in the Croatian context a relatively new instrument of public participation in legislating regulations and other general acts whose characteristics and effects have not been scientifically researched in practice to a greater extent. The aim of the paper is to contribute to these perceptions by the elaboration of a subject i.e. analysing the participants of e-counsellings on regulations and planning documents that concern organizing and performance of the public archival service in Croatia. The subject is suited for a complete elaboration, since in the period from 2017 to 2020 the competent Ministry of Culture (renamed in July 2020 Ministry of Culture and Media) had carried out counsellings via the central internet portal on 8 such legal acts (two laws, five ordinances and one planning document). Apart from the new ordinance on evidences that has yet to be regulated, this constitutes a comprehensive normative and planning framework of the public archival service coordinated with changes in the surroundings where public archives work. The data had been gathered by the method of quantitative analysing of the content of individual reports on conducted counsellings available on e-Counselling portal, as well as additional documents. The Data on the number and structure of participants (natural persons, various categories of corporations) and amount of comments they sent (in total and for each e-counselling) are interpreted as an important indicator of the public interest for the public archival service i.e. the work of the state archives who are intrusted with performing it. On the other hand, the participation of individual professional archival societies, state archives and their administrative and professional employees on e-counsellings is interpreted as the indicator of interest for strengthening of normative infrastructure pertaining to their own service. The total of 412 comments was sent to the analysed e-counsellings, submitted by 56 participants. Since individual procedure of e-counselling is conducted for each legal act, the same natural person or corporation can appear as a participant in several counsellings. Therefore, in the total number of 56 participants individual natural persons or corporations were counted more than once, depending on the number of e-counsellings they participated in. Further analysis established that 40 different natural persons and coorporations participated in e-counsellings. The largest number of participants, as far as 30 or 75 %, participated in just one e-counselling. Six participants took part in two counsellings (15 %), whereas three counsellings had three participants (7.5 %). Four counsellings had no participants, whereas only one person (2.5 %) took part in five of them, which is also the largest number of noted participations by the same participant. Research results further show that from the total of 40 various participants of e-councellings 30 of them are natural persons and only 10 corporations. In the process, the natural persons had 43 and the corporations 13 participations. The same number of persons from the professional archival community (administrative and professional employees in archives, state archives and professional archival associations) and persons from social environment i.e. interested public in the broad sense participated in e-counsellings. The former comprises of 21 participants and the latter has 19 of them. The biggest difference between the two groups concerns the number of participations. The professional archival community had 35, whereas other interested public 21 participations. The presented results indicate a rather low level of interest of the general public, as well as the professional archival community, for the normative infrastructure of the public archival service. This conclusion is supported by the comparison of the number of participants from both groups with other relevant data, such as the number of creators of documental and archival records under the jurisdiction of state archives i.e. the number of employees in state archives. The authorised ministry and state archives should use this as the basis for re-examination of the current approach in implementing e-counsellings i.e. encourage them to further motivate the professional community and the general public to participate in this segment of their work. The lower turnout can certainly be put into context of influences of the e-counsellings that had so far taken place, regarding the formation of the final proposals of legal acts in terms of the level of acceptance of the sent suggestions (comments). Analysis of this segment, including the content and types of comments (without arguments, with arguments, technical, professional etc.), is only pointed out in this paper as a subject that warrants separate research.
Temi psihološke uloge medija u procesima indoktrinacije političkih i korporativnih ideologija u zapadnim društvima pristupljeno je iz više perspektiva. Rad pruža pregled kritičke teorije medija, koja ...razmatra kako postmoderna propaganda pogoduje nastajanju fenomena ‘javnosti’ i institucije ‘PR-a’. Utvrđeno je da imperativ konzumerizma, koji inzistira na negaciji individualiteta, reproducira tipove osobnosti. Stoga je pojedinac modernog doba depersonalizirana individua koja je za konstrukciju svoje zbilje ovisna o medijima, političarima i oglašivačima te relativno novijim akterima – influencerima. Razmatra se kako kolektivni entiteti, sačinjeni od heterogenih pluralističkih institucija, mogu postati jezgra socijalnog ‘pathosa’. Rad nastoji dekonstruirati neke aspekte odnosa privrede, politike i medija te načina na koji se propagandnom retorikom utječe na psihu pojedinca i zajednica.
Multiple perspectives are applied in approaching the subject of psychological role the media plays in the processes of indoctrination of
political and corporate ideologies in western socie ties. This paper provides a review of critical theory on the media, examining the way in which postmodern propaganda contributes to the formation of ‘the public’
and the institution of public relations. It is found that consumerist imperative, insisting on the negation of individuality, reproduces certain types of personalities, thus a modern day individual appears to be deper sonalised and highly depended upon media, politicians, advertisers and relatively recent agents – influencers – for the construction of their reality. The paper examines how collective enti ties, made up from heterogeneous pluralist institutions, can become the core of social ‘pathos’. Paper attempts to deconstruct some aspects of the existing relationships between the economy, politics and media, and investigate the way in which propagandistic rhetoric can influence the psyche of individuals and communities.
Demokratsko društvo nije moguće ostvariti, između ostalog, bez otvorene javne rasprave o svim segmentima djelovanja zakonodavne, izvršne i sudbene vlasti, pa samim time i Ustavnog suda Republike ...Hrvatske. Stoga su javna narav i javna kontrola njegova djelovanja od velikog značaja te, s time u vezi, odnos medija i najšire javnosti prema radu Ustavnog suda. U radu se nastoji općenito ukazati na zadaću ustavnih sudova današnjice, a posebno se bavi javnom naravi aktivnosti ustavnih sudova putem komparativnog prikaza pojedinih ustavnih sudova i Europskog suda za ljudska prava. Podrobno se analizira javna narav aktivnosti Ustavnog suda kroz njegov ustavnopravni položaj i način ostvarenja javnosti djelovanja. Ukazuje se i na probleme u praćenju rada Ustavnog suda od strane zainteresirane javnosti, a posebno su razmotrena moguća rješenja. Analiza dana u radu pokazuje da postoji prostor za poboljšanje javnosti djelovanja Ustavnog suda de lege lata i de lege ferenda.
It is not possible to achieve a democratic society without open public debate on all segments of activity of legislative, executive and judicial powers including the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia. Therefore, the public nature and public control of its activity is of great significance and related is the relationship between the media and the wider public towards the work of the Constitutional Court. This paper attempts to point out in general the task of constitutional judges today and, in particular, deal with the public nature of activities through comparative analysis of certain constitutional courts and the European Court of Human Rights. The public nature of Constitutional Court activity is analysed in more detail through its constitutional legal position and the way it achieves public activity. Problems in following the work of the Constitutional Court on the part of the interested public are pointed out and possible solutions are considered. Analysis of a working day shows that there is room for improvement in the public activity of the Constitutional Court de lege lata and de lege ferenda.
Članek obravnava teoretske temelje, podobnosti in razlike med »integralnim raziskovanjem« in »integralnim novinarstvom«. Po sami naravi stvari tako družboslovno raziskovanje kot novinarstvo z ...obravnavanjem družbenih procesov, katerih dolgoročne posledice so za mnoge posameznike in družbene skupine pomembne, neposredno spadata v območje javnega. Medtem ko je pri integralnem raziskovanju poudarek na povezovanju akademskih in zunajakademskih akterjev v raziskovalnem procesu, je pri integralnem novinarstvu poudarek na refleksivni publiciteti, namenjeni vključevanju državljanov. Ideja integralnega raziskovanja je v temelju tako deskriptivna kot normativna: meri na nujnost povezovanja obstoječih načinov produkcije znanstvenih spoznanj. Ideja integralnega novinarstva pa je izključno normativna: utemeljuje nujnost določene vrste novinarske produkcije, ker je zanjo »že čas«, saj se različne vrste novinarske produkcije izključujejo, ne pa dopolnjujejo. Tako v raziskovanju kot v novinarstvu odsotnost refleksivnosti omogoča prevlado instrumentalnosti administrativnega raziskovanja in manipulativnega novinarstva.
The article discusses theoretical foundations, similarities and differences between "integral research" and "integral journalism." By their very nature, both social research and journalism directly belong to the public sphere by dealing with social processes that have significant, long-term consequences for many individuals and social groups. Whereas integral research emphasises the need of inclusion of academic and non-academic actors in the research process, integral journalism emphasises reflexive publicity aimed at citizens' inclusion. The idea of integral research is essentially both a descriptive and normative one: it refers to the need for integration of existing modes of production of scientific knowledge. In contrast, the idea of integral journalism is purely normative: it justifies the necessity of a certain type of journalistic production - because "it is time for it" - rather than interconnection between different types of journalistic productions which are exclusive rather than complementary. Both in research and journalism, a lack of reflexivity allows for domination of instrumentality of administrative research and manipulative journalism.
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