Schizophrenia Barnett, Richard
The Lancet (British edition),
02/2018, Letnik:
391, Številka:
10121
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Historians continue to disagree over whether he aimed to replace or enhance the concept of dementia praecox put forward by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in 1893. For Kraepelin, dementia ...praecox-an untimely loss of mental function-was one of a group of degenerative conditions characterised by “the unusually rapid development of a lasting state of psychic weakness”. Psychoanalysts interpreted it as a failure of ego development; followers of the radical Scottish psychiatrist R D Laing pointed to familial tensions and the “schizophrenogenic mother”; and the British psychiatrist Edward Hare wondered whether the steady increase in records of schizophrenic behaviour since the early 19th century indicated a viral origin.
Este trabalho tem intenção didática, funcionando, para o autor, como ferramenta de trabalho clínico. Mas ele também se ocupa em trazer à luz parte da cosmovisão de C. G. Jung, em seu olhar sobre a ...psique do ser humano. Isso se dá na conceituação de subjetividade e da sua relação com a realidade. Para tanto, foram ressaltados o papel dos instintos; o papel dos afetos; os impulsos à atividade, à criatividade e à reflexão; o impulso à atribuição de significado; e, finalmente, o impulso à individuação no enfrentamento das forças coletivas que habitam a psique humana. Para Jung, a única experiência de realidade é a experiência subjetiva do ser humano, e se não se pode definir psique ou sua expressão dinâmica – a energia psíquica –, também não conhecemos a natureza última da vida, no sentido biológico, e da matéria e energia, no sentido físico. Para o ser humano, a psique é a própria noção de existência.
Este artículo apunta a contribuir al campo de los estudios hispánicos con una perspectiva única que hasta ahora ningún estudioso ha tomado en cuenta en la novela Los ríos profundos (1958), de José ...María Arguedas. Desde la psicología analítica jungiana, se analiza el proceso de individuación de Ernesto, el protagonista de la novela. Como se puede observar en la novela, el lector experimenta no solo el desarrollo físico del protagonista, sino que también se puede notar la madurez psicológica adquirida en el trascurso de la novela. La ascensión del inconsciente colectivo a la conciencia personal le permite a Ernesto su madurez mental. Esta novela revela el doloroso pero divertido viaje entre estos dos espacios de la siquis y la manera en que Ernesto los atraviesa en su travesía. Sin embargo, para poder ir del inconsciente colectivo al consciente personal y alcanzar su completa madurez psicológica, Ernesto tiene que aceptar su persona, su ego, su sombra, su ánima y su yo. Este ensayo investiga este proceso a fondo, incorporando una perspectiva literaria jungiana.Este artigo propõe contribuir para o campo dos estudos hispânicos com uma perspetiva única que até o momento nenhum estudioso trabalhou sobre o romance Los ríos profundos (1958) de José María Arguedas. A partir da psicologia analítica junguiana, analisa-se o processo de individuação de Ernesto, o protagonista do romance. Como se pode observar no romance, o leitor experimenta não só o desenvolvimento físico do protagonista, mas também a maturidade psicológica adquirida no transcurso do romance. A ascensão do inconsciente coletivo à consciência pessoal permite a Ernesto a sua maturidade mental. Este romance revela a dolorosa, porém divertida viagem entre estes dois espaços da psique e a forma como Ernesto os atravessa no seu percurso. No entanto, para passar do inconsciente coletivo ao consciente pessoal e atingir a sua plena maturidade psicológica, Ernesto tem de se confrontar com a sua persona, o seu ego, a sua sombra, a sua anima e o seu eu. Este ensaio investiga este processo em profundidade, incorporando uma perspetiva literária junguiana.
Leta 2003 je pisatelj Florjan Lipuš objavil roman Boštjanov let. Zgodba romana nastaja okrog protagonistovega razlamljajočega dogodka v njegovem otroštvu v času II. svetovne vojne v ...slovensko-manjšinski skupnosti na avstrijskem Koroškem: žandarmerija v službi nacističnega režima iz otrokovega doma odpelje mater, ki se ne vrne. Dogodek je prikazan kot travmatično izkustvo, ki ga otrokovo doživljanje ne more celovito vgraditi v zavest. Zgolj groza in nemožnost otroka, da bi razumel pomen zanj razlamljajočega dogodka, deluje kot potlačitev v »mehanizmu« travme. V Lipuševem romanu se otroško doživljanje groze in stiske ob izgubi in postopno prebolevanje travme predstavlja, poimenuje in strukturira na izviren in hkrati tematsko posebej sugestiven način: skozi variabilne ponovitve predvsem enega simbolnega motiva, ki se nanaša na bitje, ki je v slovenskem izročilu slovanske mitologije poimenovano »škopnik«. Članek si prizadeva prepoznavati kognitivno moč književnosti v literarno-pripovednih strukturacijah skupnih človeških temeljnih izkustev bivanja. Branje romana Boštjanov let jih poveže z Jungovo psihoanalizo in njenim konceptom arhetipov.
It has been found out that the appearance of characters in different literary works around the world, tend to look alike and sometimes readers confuse them by the fact that they play the same roles. ...This is because the writer paints his characters according to the shape and existing models so that his work may be taken in the depth of other existing works around the world. Thence, characters, due to this fact, in a literary work appear as intelligent, polite, courageous, coward, rich, poor, etc, and play roles of chief, thieve, killer, ambassador, minister, crowd, messenger, elder, advisor, etc, by looking like other characters found in other literary works. The understanding of characters' roles in a literary work helps the reader attribute different archetypes to them, like hero, villain, mentor, scapegoat, outcast, good mother, femme fatale, young innocent, evil mother, etc. This has been done in this paper by the fact that all the characters acting directly with Okolo, the main character of the novel under study, look like other characters in other works around the world. So, different archetypal patterns are drawn from the roles Gabriel Okara attributed to his characters. Some of his characters fit more than one archetype like Okolo and Tuere who are called scapegoats, outcasts and young innocent thanks to different situations in which they are found. To carry out the present work, the library, documentary and internet were used as main methods while the close and repetitive readings and comparison were taken as major techniques.
The human being is constantly in search of meaning: the meaning of his life, the meaning of everyday events and, above all, the meaning of suffering. The process of secularization affects the process ...of finding the meaning of life, by eliminating the spiritual dimension of man, and the consequences, as Mircea Eliade, Carl Gustav Jung or Viktor Frankl pointed out, are disastrous, all leading to the alienation of man and the possibility of self-destruction. The transdisciplinary approach is used in this article in relation to the possibility of recovering this meaning. Taking into account the spiritual dimension of man, as well as democracy, understood in the Community spirit, could be a viable solution against the "existential void" caused by the loss of meaning of this life.
This essay aims to analyse the character of Seymour “Swede” Levov in the novel American Pastoral, written by Philip Roth and published in 1997, as the first book of Roth’s American Trilogy. For such, ...we start with an overview of the trilogy and provide background to the following works: I Married a Communist (1998) and The Human Stain (2000). Then we move on to an analysis of the protagonist of American Pastoral. The study of the character is divided in three sections: the first section studies the character in itself and his conception of the American Dream, whereas the second section looks into his relationship with his wife, in order to reflect upon the female condition in the 1960’s, as well as the role of the husband, from a feminist perspective. The third and fourth sections concern Swede’s daughter, Merry, in order to focus on their relationship, study the consequences of generation gap, and address how this father/daughter relationship may illustrate the Electra Complex, as proposed by Carl Jung. The fourth sections combined will contribute to understand what originated the tragedy of Swede Levov, a central theme in the novel.
Spirituality as a human phenomenon presents itself as a significant aspect in the understanding and promotion of health, yet its study was neglected by psychological theories, with the exception of ...Jung's pioneering studies and the transpersonal approach. In this sense, we aim to present the vision of spirituality among psychologists from the city of Recife (in Brazil) who are guided by these theoretical lines, indicating how this phenomenon is experienced in their professional practices. We performed a phenomenological qualitative research that had as instrument the semi-structured interview with eight psychologists. The data were analyzed according to Bicudo's phenomenological approach and are in agreement with the scientific literature in this field, which indicates that there is no hegemonic definition of spirituality. There are visions of spiritualities, sometimes singular, sometimes common. Spirituality sometimes appears as synonymous with unconditional love, sometimes as access to the transcendent, without denying immanence. It also arises as internal energy and access to the Higher Self or just the Self. In the clinic it is considered as health promoter and approached from the demand in the Jungian perspective and seen as contextual in the transpersonal. We raised reflections on the importance of spirituality to the understanding of human being in its complexity.
