Malacological analysis was carried out on the deposits filling small karst forms within Witkowe Rocks in the southern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Southern Poland). The study included six ...profiles and was supplemented by observations of the contemporary mollusc fauna inhabiting the area. Four types of subfossil faunal assemblages, characterised by different taxonomic composition and zoogeographic and ecological structures, were identified. The observed diversity of malacofauna indicates that the sediments filling the analysed forms accumulated in different climatic phases of the Holocene. In the oldest deposits, cold-loving taxa no longer found in the Upland were common. These sediments represent the Early Holocene or Late Glacial. The younger generation of fillings included an assemblage with shade-loving taxa with high thermal tolerance representing the Early Holocene. In the most recent fills, assemblages with composition and structure similar to contemporary malacocoenoses are present, varying depending on local environmental factors and corresponding to the period of the last few hundred years. No significant anthropogenic conversion of habitats was identified within Witkowe Rocks, and the observed diversity of malacofauna is due to natural factors operating at a local scale.
Areas of the earth, which are covered by limestone formations and dissolved by water flows, are called karst areas. Due to the fact that karst forms play an important role in water resources, ...tourism and development activities, their study is considered a necessity. Darparchin basin is one of the sub-basins of the Bidvaz River in northeastern of Iran, that due to the calcareous formations , various forms of karstic has formed in it. In this article, it is tried to study and identify the factors affecting on karst production in this basin, in order to control these factors in development activities and basin planning. In order to achieve this goal, after specifying the boundary of this basin, by using the library method , field studies, topographic maps, geological maps and satellite images , the karsts of this basin were identified and studied. Early studies have suggested that in the formation of karsts in this basin, factors such as lithology, hydrology, tectonic activity, and climate have played a greater role. After studying these factors, lithology was found to be effective in shaping the basin through dissolution, porosity, fracture and type of rocks coating. In terms of hydrology, the high water dissolution capacity of this basin and the lack of conformity of its sub branches with the geological structure played a role in this field. Also, the ranking of this basin revealed that the largest and most diverse forms of karst in the basin formed in its high ranks. In terms of tectonics, the three sides of the basin are surrounded by faults, the fault of Hame Ghaji in the north and Ardaghan fault in the south of the basin has facilitated the process of forming the groove and hammer carneys in this basin. Also, the force exerted by faults has damaged the rocks and provided the situation to dissolve them by water penetration and created karstic forms. Regarding the effects of climate, it has been found that among the climate parameters, the temperature and precipitation had a more important role. Temperature through different forms of weathering and precipitation through its influence on the formation of honeydew carneys, rainfall carneys and vegetation cover has played their role in this respect
Analysis of the variability of the density distribution of joints within karsting dislocated rock formations helped to highlight the heterogeneity of the structure of massif on different levels and ...to predict development areas of karst, karst-erosion, disjunctive forms according to the degree of fragmentation of rocks. As an example, the results of the graphical interpretation the data of tectonic joints fixation in the layer of carbonate rocks within the West Ural zone of folding (Russia). The distances between the tectonic joints, which were fixed in the outcrop of limestone, were taken as the initial function. Processing and interpretation of data was carried out taking into account the methodological principles developed for solving of geological problems by mathematical statistics, as well as using the network version of Windows and applications Excel and Grapher.
MAJOR PROBLEMS OF KARST HAZARD FORECASTING Kovaleva, Tatyana; Zolotarev, Denis; Anna, Shilova
International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference : SGEM,
01/2016, Letnik:
1
Conference Proceeding
Odprti dostop
At the present stage of development of engineering karst for the purpose of development and evaluation of karst territories used methods can be divided into three groups: qualitative, quantitative ...and probabilistic. Qualitative methods are characterized by certain conditionality and subjectivity, as a rule, they are used at the first stages of the assessment and prognosis of karst process and often take into account those aspects and features of karst development, which can not take into account by the quantitative methods, in this regard, a complete rejection of the use of qualitative methods is not correct. Inherently almost all quantitative methods use of the information on the number and morphometric characteristics of surface karst forms. A special group is probabilistic methods, the founder of which is one of the leading karst engineers V.V. Tolmachev. The basis of the probability estimate is the following assumptions: karst sinkholes formation in time close to the law of rare events (Poisson law), distribution of the diameters of sinkholes close to the lognormal or, under certain conditions, to a normal distribution. Probabilistic estimation of karst will more objective at the homogeneous area by the mechanism of formation, intensity, size of karst sinkholes, therefore researched area should be preliminary subject to zoning. Analysis of various methods has revealed the following problems of karst hazard forecast. A single set of traits and factors used in forecast of karst hazard is absent. Most prognosis models constructed according to the analysis of surface karst forms, which, do not exactly reflect the space underground karst, which leads to mixed results. For the reliability of the majority of methods of the forecast requires a long period of observation with a certain quality of data. Thus, it becomes necessary of change the paradigm of karst forecasting from an abridged variant of "practical" analysis of parameters of surface karst forms and their formal distribution on the territory to the "complex" analysis, taking into account the features of the spatial distribution, morphology and morphometry of surface and underground karst forms under the influence of geological features hydrogeological structure of karst massif.
In the valley of the Euphrates River the sulphate-marl massif of the top part of the lower farce (N1f1) composing bed and slopes of right and left sides of the river valley is subject to karst ...process. The same thickness participates in a geological structure of watershed plateaus on both coast. In the karstological relation the territory is unique. Here under the conditions of the karst massif structure 4 types of karst are allocated from "armored" to "open" (naked). On hydrodynamic features, in the studied territory the karst forms developed and developing in the conditions of the draining influence of close erosional incisions. The territory is characterized by a spatial combination practically of all known karst hydrodynamic situations. The morphological range of superficial karst forms is limited. On surface of watersheds and on slopes of the valley of Euphrates the polygenetic forms - karst-erosive waterless valleys in the plan having a dendritic appearance (wadi) widely represented. The majority of superficial, underground and transitional types of the karst forms - niches, grottoes, channels of pressure head (freatic) and a free-flow (vadose) overflow of underground waters is dated for various elements of valleys of wadi. The most part of the karst cavities opened when drilling wells is dated for slopes of the valley of Euphrates. It is the most probable that it is cavities of channels of overflow of underground waters along a valley board. The opened cavities concerning their high-rise situation are divided into two groups. The cavities of the first group in the hydrodynamic relation confined to the area of modern seasonal fluctuations in groundwater levels, and the second group of cavities is confined to the area of the vertical downward hydrodynamic circulation, which was removed from the scope of the hydrodynamic activity. On the basis of the analysis and generalization of various factors of development of the karst forms within the valley of the Euphrates River 4 types of situations of development of the recorded karst forms are allocated. Each of the allocated types and subtypes are characterized by morphological and morphometric parameters.
In this paper attempted to define general character of karst forms occurrence and its sizes depending on mechanical (deformation and strength) properties of covering soil based on mass statistical ...analysis of data. As basic technique to defining of relationships between spatial distribution of karst forms, its morphometry and parameters of deformation and strength of soils applied author's methodic. The analysis completed on the example of 4 key areas, located on the territory of Permskiy kray. These areas are characterized with different conditions of evolution of carbonate and carbonate-sulfate karst. In the result were established lognormal spatial distribution of karst forms relatively to values of modulus of deformation and angel of internal friction. Karst forms have a normal spatial distribution relatively to values of cohesion of soil. Parameters of theoretical distribution laws are also defined. Determined trend to rise of mean diameters, heights of fractured zones and cavities, allocated in soil massif, with the increasing of deformation modulus and angle of internal friction of covering soil. Backward trend fixed for cohesion of soils and morphometry of karst forms. When cohesion of soil is high, sizes of sinkholes on the ground surface have a tendency to decrease. Based on trend-analysis and with application of special developed technique has been obtained prognostic equations for calculation of average expected sizes of different karst forms from known values of parameters of deformation and strength of covering soil.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RELIEF IN KARST AIMS Zolotarev, Denis; Drobinina, Elena
International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference : SGEM,
01/2014, Letnik:
2
Conference Proceeding, Journal Article
In this article, were applied methodical techniques of morphometric analysis of relief for the reveal of raised neotectonic blocks, in order to determine their influence on the karst process. ...Allotment of raised blocks represents a multistep task, the basic elements of it is the cartographic models of orders valleys and base surfaces.
The Cuatro Ciénegas area is renown worldwide for its thermal springs, which feed a unique ecosystem consisting of many pools, lakes and marshes. The pools also represent a very important water ...resource in a region characterized by scarce rainfalls. Field investigation has emphasized the role of karst in the hydrogeology of the area. Only few and restricted forms of surface karst are represented; caves are mainly relics of old speleogenetic phases of thermal and bathyphreatic water flow.
Karst Geosites in NE Italy Cucchi, F.; Finocchiaro, F.; Zini, L.
Advances in Research in Karst Media
Book Chapter
Recenzirano
Karsts areas are “landscapes of special geological and geomorphologic interest which call for conservation” and can therefore be defined as potential geosites according to the definition given by ...Cleal et al. 2. This communication briefly describes the geological, geomorphologic and hydrogeologic features of the most important areas in North-Eastern Italy where highly karstified – both on the surface and underground – carbonate rocks outcrop. Some of them perfectly exemplify geological and geomorphologic events and their own geological history, thus serving as cultural models not only at a local but also at a global level 1. Typical examples of karst geosites are the Alpine Karst environment ofMt Canin and the Classical Karst near Trieste, as well as the Cansiglio – Cavallo Plateau, the limestone turbidites of Julian Prealps Flysch, the glaciokarst valleys of the Carnic Alps and the karren of the Devonian limestone.
PDF
