With widespread cultivation, Cucurbita moschata stands out for the carotenoid content of its fruits such as β and α-carotene, components with pronounced provitamin A function and antioxidant ...activity. C. moschata seed oil has a high monounsaturated fatty acid content and vitamin E, constituting a lipid source of high chemical-nutritional quality. The present study evaluates the agronomic and chemical-nutritional aspects of 91 accessions of C. moschata kept at the BGH-UFV and propose the establishment of a core collection based on multivariate approaches and on the implementation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). ANNs was more efficient in identifying similarity patterns and in organizing the distance between the genotypes in the groups. The averages and variances of traits in the CC formed using a 15% sampling of accessions, were closer to those of the complete collection, particularly for accumulated degree days for flowering, the mass of seeds per fruit, and seed and oil productivity. Establishing the 15% CC, based on the broad characterization of this germplasm, will be crucial to optimize the evaluation and use of promising accessions from this collection in C. moschata breeding programs, especially for traits of high chemical-nutritional importance such as the carotenoid content and the fatty acid profile.
Cereals are an essential part of the diet of Homo sapiens. Since late Neolithic times, with the transition to sedentary farming, working with grain (growing, storing, processing, cooking food) has ...become a traditional type of professional human activity. As part of the accumulated historical experience, numerous technological processes have been developed and optimized for this type of activity. The relevant technologies evolved in close correlation with the changing conditions of life, literally under the pressure of Darwinian natural selection, because they were directly related to the survival of the Homo sapiens. Further development of grain-processing technologies remains invariably urgent today, as evidenced by the report 1 presented by the UN on the state of food security and nutrition in the world - with horrifying figures depicting the need and misery of the wide masses of the population of the planet. An important component of grain processing is the technology associated with the storage of grain products. Part of the stored grain products is used as seed stock for a new cycle of grain sales, the other - a significant part - for processing into food products. At the same time, new developed (optimized, improved) grain storage technologies must be safe, low-cost, maximally compatible with previously developed (available) equipment, and scalable to large volumes of stored material. Of course, the technology must ensure proper efficiency, an indicator of which should be a reduction in the percentage of grain product losses. In this regard, management methods used in the technological processes of grain products storage are substantially important, as well as methods of control over the current state of grain products for the correct organization of the technological processes. In particular, methods using elements of artificial intelligence are of high interest. Among them, neural networks are promising, especially those capable of learning "without a teacher" - Kohonen Maps (KK). Modified KK algorithm 2 implements reduced learning time3, which is relevant in the implementation of adaptive procedures for processing the results of measurements of controlled parameters. The purpose of this paper is to consider the principles of using modified Kohonen maps to classify situations with applicability to remote quality control of grain products storage.
•Brazilian soft drinks could be differenced by chemometric tools.•PCA and ANN were compared in the pattern recognition capacity.•PCA and ANN were able to extract relevant information from soft drink ...samples.
This study approaches the determination of nine elements from Brazilian carbonated soft drinks of several flavors and manufactures using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The concentrations of the elements varied as follows: (in µg L−1: Cu: 4.00–78.0; Fe: 74.0–506; Mn: 20.0–66.0; Zn: 104–584) and (in mg L−1: Ca: 4.81–16.2; K: 6.73–260; Na: 26.0–175; S: 1.43–5.41; P: 0.186–219). Principal component analysis has shown some tendencies to form two groups according to the drink flavor (orange and cola), but only cola presented a clear and complete separation. Using Kohonen maps, it was observed a tendency to form three flavor groups: (i) cola, (ii) orange and lemon, and (iii) guarana. However, this last tool proved to be more accurate in the groups’ formation.
Self-organizing maps, otherwise known as Kohonen-maps, are one form of unsupervised artificial neural networks that can produce two-dimensional plots from multidimensional data. This tool is ...especially useful in community pattern analyses and has been previously used in spatial pattern analysis with different perspectives. The present study aims to find zooplankton's community pattern in the Bakreswar reservoir ecosystem. Bakreswar reservoir is a freshwater ecosystem in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India. The reservoir is primarily used to supply freshwater to the Bakreswar thermal power plant. However, the local villages around the reservoir depend on it for drinking water and fishing sustenance. The data used in this study was collected over two years from three different stations. Thus, in addition to describing the spatial pattern of community distribution of zooplankton groups, the temporal variation was also studied. It is observed in the study that the four major groups of zooplankton – Copepoda, Cladocera, Ostracoda, and Rotifera – react differently to the different environmental attributes. Primarily directed by the physical environmental factors, the effect of the chemical factors on the patterning is also evident from the study. Copepods are the dominant group in the system, closely followed by cladocerans and rotifers. But this observation changes at different stations and throughout the study period. The temperature profiles of the reservoir primarily direct the occurrence of ostracods and rotifers, whereas cladocerans and copepods are inclined more towards a chemical factor directive. Rotifers are dominant in the monsoon, whereas the post-monsoon and winter seasons show an increased presence of copepods and cladocerans. The overall observation that the reservoir's water quality is good, and the trophic structure is healthy is in accordance with previous studies as well.
•Self-Organizing Map used to analyze Bakreswar reservoirs' zooplankton community.•Spatial and temporal variations in community structure were analyzed.•Community composition varies according to season and area of collection.•Ostracods and rotifers are dominant in summer and monsoon.•Copepods and cladocerans are dominant in post-monsoon and winter.•Important regulating factors are - DO, NPP, SRAD, pH, NIT.N, PHOS.P, TDS.
Kohonen maps and Counterpropagation Neural Networks are two of the most popular learning strategies based on Artificial Neural Networks. Kohonen Maps (or Self Organizing Maps) are basically ...self-organizing systems which are capable to solve the unsupervised rather than the supervised problems, while Counterpropagation Artificial Neural Networks are very similar to Kohonen maps, but an output layer is added to the Kohonen layer in order to handle supervised modelling. Recently, the modifications of Counterpropagation Artificial Neural Networks allowed introducing new supervised neural network strategies, such as Supervised Kohonen Networks and XY-fused Networks.
In this paper, the Kohonen and CP-ANN toolbox for MATLAB is described. This is a collection of modules for calculating Kohonen maps and derived methods for supervised classification, such as Counterpropagation Artificial Neural Networks, Supervised Kohonen Networks and XY-fused Networks. The toolbox comprises a graphical user interface (GUI), which allows the calculation in an easy-to-use graphical environment. It aims to be useful for both beginners and advanced users of MATLAB. The use of the toolbox is discussed here with an appropriate practical example.
► This toolbox allows the calculation of Kohonen maps and derived supervised methods. ► CPANN, SKN, and XYF Artificial Neural Networks can be calculated. ► The toolbox comprises a graphical user interface (GUI). ► The GUI allows the calculation in an easy-to-use graphical environment.
To select a rational method for cutting of rolled stocks made from materials with different physical and mechanical properties, an engineer must have the tools to make such a choice. In order to find ...the most informative system of fracture criteria allowing to classify materials authentically by their fracture sensitivity, the software was developed. It allows to solve the clustering problem in a multidimensional space of parameters and present the obtained information in a visual form using self-organizing Kohonen maps. The cluster analysis of the material fracture criteria was carried out. The most informative criterion among the ones characterizing the mechanical properties of steels is the «offset yield strength», among the synergistic ones – «scale criterion». At the same time, among the traditional mechanical features of steels, a set allowing to classify materials with a given integrity by their cutting sensitivity has not been found. It was established that the fracture criteria: «crack growth criterion» and «brittleness criterion» are basic informative features. When adding any of the remaining complex criteria («crack nucleation criterion» or «scale criterion»), they form the most informative sets of minimal power, providing the classification of materials by their cutting sensitivity with a given integrity. In order to obtain high-quality workpieces at a minimum conversion cost, recommendations were developed for choice of the method for cutting of rolled stocks in magnitude of criteria values: «crack growth criterion» and «brittleness criterion». To cut materials «in plastic state», the cutting by shear should be used, specifically—a closed cutoff scheme or an incompletely closed cutoff scheme with an active transverse clamp or a cutoff scheme with a differentiated clamp of rolled stocks. If increased requirements are imposed on the geometric accuracy of the workpieces, it is recommended to use complex blanking and cutting processes. For cutting materials «in elastoplastic state» there are good reasons to use the cutting by shear, and in particular—an incompletely closed cutoff scheme with an active and passive transverse clamp. Closer to the class interval, it is possible to apply breaking by bending with the application of an effective stress concentrator. Breaking by bending should be used to cut «brittle» materials. The carried out experiments confirmed the adequacy of theoretical conclusions and recommendations on the choice of a rational method for cutting of the rolled stocks to obtain high-quality workpieces.
Tea is a beverage consumed all over the world, and, besides the very pleasant taste, it has substances in its composition that can lead to various beneficial effects to human health. However, ...although teas have essential elements in their composition, they can also be contaminated with metals from the soil, air, and equipment used in their production. In this study, eight metals (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Na and K) were determined in tea samples commercialized in sachets using flame atomic spectrometry (absorption and emission) after acid decomposition in a digestion block. The concentration of the analyzed metals varied as follows (in mg kg−1): Ca (1856.3–10,012), Cu (2.014–14.90), Fe (43.94–532.2), Mg (739.9–2237), Mn (26.95–946.3), Zn (12.05–41.84), Na (167.7–4322) and K (5089.1–14,334). The generated data were statistically analyzed using the following multivariate analysis tools: Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Kohonen self-organizing maps. The multivariate analysis classified the different tea samples into well defined groups according to flavor, based on the mineral composition of eight quantified elements.
•Metals were determined in tea samples commercialized in sachet using F AAS after acid digestion;•Mutivariate analysis techniques were employed to evidence latent information;•Principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and artificial neural network associated with Kohonen maps were compared;•Tea samples show similarities in relation the kind of plant used as raw material.
Due to the growing number of data and the growing variety of requirements for their processing, now we have to move away from data processing at the time of the request and increasingly shift the ...main work on its implementation or the implementation of its main aspects to pre-stored and prepared results. In many ways, DBMS thus try to solve performance problems by increasing memory consumption, but in many ways, it is necessary to think about saving the latter, while preferably preserving the results of methods based on a similar approach – indexing, hashing, neural network algorithms. The article discusses a method for improving the efficiency of solving search problems for large tables. The proposed method is based on partial indexing of elements near convergence centers and the introduction of the concept of metadata for these centers. Such clustering with stored metadata for the centers, near which the next intermediate nodes are formed, allows you to reduce the memory costs for indexing, because, firstly, with this approach there is no need for nested indexing, which can lead to serious spatial costs. Secondly, such an approach can make it possible to use one indexing for different combinations of the presence of columns in the search image, without losing most of the search efficiency during indexing. Such a combination, if used correctly, can make it possible to efficiently process tables with different search needs, for different groups of columns, for which storing indexing for each large type of query or group of queries can naturally lead to serious memory consumption costs as well as loss of performance when working with large arrays of memory, which also increases far from linearly.
This article examines the peculiarities of the management of assets and liabilities of Ukrainian banks in the conditions of significant structural transformations of the resource base during the ...period of martial law. The analysis is carried out at the level of homogeneous structural and functional groups of banks (SFGBs), which are formed using published reporting data and the application of Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM). Accumulation of statistical data has been carried out for 5 years, special attention is paid to structural changes in the resource base and directions of placement of bank assets over the past two years.Over the past two years, the bank has been under the influence of shock factors affecting assets and liabilities. At the beginning of 2022, there was an outflow of funds from bank accounts, which was gradually compensated by the inflow of current funds from corporations and the population of individuals. In 2023, the National Bank of Ukraine actively stimulated the development of the term resource base, the basis for ensuring the growth of credit operations. Transactions with state securities continue to grow in the structure of bank assets. The priority task of the banking system remains the financial support of business, but in the conditions of a full-scale war, such development of credit operations is limited. It is expedient to study the strategy of banks by combining the structure of assets and liabilities according to similar characteristics and analyzing the dynamics of groups. Observation of homogeneous groups confirms their stable nature, features of strategy, risk profile and development priorities. It has been proven that banks within homogeneous SFGBs demonstrate similar behaviour in the formation of management strategies and reactions to internal and external shocks. At the macro level, the SOM structure allows you to quantitatively assess the main processes taking place in the banking system, conduct comparisons with maps, and identify problems and priorities in the management of bank assets and liabilities. The SFGB method allows you to evaluate the trajectory of individual banks on the map and develop recommendations for improving the strategy of managing assets and liabilities.
The article analyzes changes in the business models of Ukrainian banks using the author's method of structural and functional groups of banks (SFGB). The method’s basis is the processing, ...systematization, and visualization of the system’s values of banks’ financial indicators using Kohonen’s self-organizing map (SOM). Depending on the level distribution of a large number of indicators that characterize the structure of assets, liabilities, income, expenses, and other qualitative indicators that describe the business models of each bank on successive reporting dates, homogeneous groups of banks are formed. The purpose of this study is to compare the key features of the banking system as of January 1 and September 1, 2022, and the corresponding changes in business models.Over the eight months of 2022, the number of banks with corporate lending increased slightly, but the resource base of these banks gradually changed. The number of banks with retail financing decreased at the expense of banks with current resources. During an increase in the discount rate and in the price of refinancing loans, banks’ business model that attracts resources on the interbank market and places them in securities has shrunk. At the same time, the number of banks with an increased level of securities in assets and corporate financing increased. The quality of the portfolio indicates the increased credit risks of the respective large state banks.The drawback of the proposed method is the dependence of conclusions on official banks 'statements that do not always reflect nuisances of financial position. Within small banks, we can sometimes observe that current changes in clients' account balances affect the position in SFGB. The SFGB method can be applied to analyze trends and estimate the probability of subsequent structural changes. For each bank, one can observe the trajectory change on the map and investigate the reasons for the change in business strategy.
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