The Role of Collective Linguistic Awareness in Research in the Field of Historical Stylistics The article refers to the well-known hypothesis that the identification mode of all stylistic phenomena ...consists essentially in finding the appropriate contexts for them. The main purpose of our considerations is to discuss the procedure for the use of collective linguistic awareness of past eras, verbalized in various documents, as one of the important links forming the network of conditions that support the process of stylistic analysis of old utilitarian and artistic texts. The distinguished context creates good chances for interpretation. Most importantly, it limits the time curtain that exists between the author and the recipient of the examined text, and brings him or her closer to the original rules of its reading. Of course, its usefulness is not unlimited. The main problem that we need to mention while discussing our practice is the difficulty of reaching the linguistic notions of the past. Their testimonies may be incomplete, and modern methods of reception defective. Despite these obstacles, the inclusion of the linguistic awareness of the past in the analysis of historical texts appears to be a factor that significantly rationalizes the research process in stylistics.
Fotografiet viser en af de mest karakteristiske bygninger i København, hvis snoede spir har præget sky-linen i knap 400 år. Den kongelige hofbygmester Laurids de Thurah berettede i 1700-tallet om, ...hvorledes dette spir var stjålet fra sven161skerne og dermed burde ses som et symbol på den danske krigslykke. Dette var dog en sandhed med modifikationer: for det første var spiret ikke stjålet fra Sverige – om end det ikke kan udelukkes, at det blev skabt ved omsmeltning af kobberskulpturer stjålet i Sverige – og for det andet blev spiret designet specifikt til Børsen af den nederlandske arkitekt og bygmester Hans Steenwinckel den Yngre.1 Spiret – og bygningen som helhed – bør således i højere grad ses som en manifestation af den store indflydelse Nederlandene havde på dansk arkitektur, særligt i starten af 1600-tallet. En indlydelse, som den dag i dag stadig præger bybilledet i København.
U radu se istražuju hrvatski prijevodi Pinokija od prvoga prijevoda 1943. do današnjih dana. Prvi prijevod uspoređuje se s njegovim kasnijim izdanjima te s ponovljenim prijevodima nastalima 1990-ih i ...kasnije. Izraz „ponovljeni prijevod“ odnosi se na novi prijevod u istom jeziku već ranije prevedenoga djela (Koskinen i Paloposki 2010). U ovom se radu ponovljeni prijevodi istražuju i u okviru teorijskih postavaka koje razumiju prijevod kao adaptaciju (Klingberg 1986). Dva su glavna cilja istraživanja: (1) utvrđuje se postoje li razlike između prvoga prijevoda iz 1943., njegovih ponovljenih izdanja nakon 1945. i triju ponovljenih prijevoda nastala tijekom 1990-ih i kasnije, s obzirom na različit sociopolitički kontekst u kojem su se pojavili i na utjecaj ideologije na prijevode (v. Pokorn 2012, Hameršak i Zima 2015); (2) na temelju usporedbe prijevoda kulturno specifičnih jedinica, kao što su osobna imena, nazivi za hranu, regionalni i dijalektalni izrazi, tuđice, arhaizmi i frazemi, uspoređuju se prevoditeljske strategije u različitim vremenskim razdobljima i društveno-kulturnim kontekstima te se primjenom hipoteze ponovljenoga prijevoda uz pomoć primjera odomaćivanja i otuđivanja kulturnih sadržaja razmatraju motivi za ponovno prevođenje.
The paper looks into Croatian translations of Pinocchio, from its first translation, its later editions, to its retranslations in the 1990s and later. The term “retranslation” is used to refer to a new translation into the same target language of a previously translated work (Koskinen and Paloposki 2010). Pinocchio was first translated into Croatian in 1943 by writer and translator Vjekoslav Kaleb. This translation appeared
in numerous editions after 1945 and is still being read by schoolchildren in Croatia. It co-exists with a number of retranslations,
which appeared since 1996, in a completely different socio-political and cultural setting. The process of retranslation is interpreted with respect to the retranslation hypothesis. Translation as adaptation (Klingberg 1986) is also used as a theoretical basis for cultural content analysis. The aim of the research is twofold: (1) to establish possible differences between the first translation, its later editions (published after 1945) and the retranslations (published in the 1990s and later), which occurred due to the different sociopolitical context in which they appeared (see Pokorn 2012); (2) to identify culture-specific items, such as personal names, foodstuffs, regional expressions, etc., and to compare the solutions of the translators in different translations; the identified culture-specific units are analysed according to the level of domestication and foreignisation in the translations, and the reasons for retranslations are considered
Viimaste aastate uuringute tulemused näitavad, et õpilased hindavad üha enam loodusainete õppimise vajalikkust, kuid endiselt on teemavaldkondi, mille õppimise vastu nad huvi ei tunne, kuna need on ...vähe seotud nende igapäevaelu või sotsiaalse keskkonnaga. Vähe on aga uuritud seda, kuidas loodusteaduslike õppeainete sisu esitamine eri kontekstis mõjutab õpilaste huvi õppekavaga kindlaks määratud teemade õppimise vastu. Artikli põhieesmärk on välja selgitada, millises kontekstis esitatud loodusteaduslike teemade õppimisest on 9. klassi õpilased (N = 848) huvitatud ning milline on õpilaste motivatsioon õppida loodusteaduslikke õppeaineid. Andmeid koguti katsetatud ja valideeritud kompleksinstrumendiga. Andmete analüüsimiseks kasutati nii peakomponentide kui ka klasteranalüüsi meetodeid. Leitud dimensioonid kirjeldavad õpilaste huvide kontekstuaalset iseloomu. K-keskmiste klasteranalüüsi tulemusena eristus nelja loodusaine sees kolm (kokku 12) õpilaste motivatsiooniprofiili, mis võimaldavad kirjeldada põhikooli lõpuklasside õpilaste huvisid ja motivatsioonilisi suundumusi loodusainete õppimisel. Õpilaste motivatsioon õppida loodusaineid on üldiselt suur ja seda nii tüdrukutel kui ka poistel. Summary
Paradny strój ludowy, bogaty pod względem formy, stanowił dawniej odzienie adekwatne dla czasu niezwykłego (święta). Wizualnie artykułował podniosłość dnia świątecznego, przesiąkniętego zwykle sacrum ...(świętowanie w niewielkich społecznościach lokalnych odzwierciedlało ściśle porządek roku liturgicznego). Współcześnie strój ten (w typie rozbarskim) nadal wykorzystywany jest przez mieszkańców Górnego Śląska w trakcie obchodów wybranych świąt kościelnych. Nieustanna obecność w przestrzeni społeczno-kulturowej różnych form tegoż stroju skłoniła mnie do podjęcia próby przedstawienia konotowanych przez niego wartości w kontekście celebracji Bożego Ciała (jednego z ważniejszych świąt w kościele katolickim), a także skonfrontowania z sobą istoty owych znaczeń w tradycyjnym (historycznym) oraz teraźniejszym wymiarze.
How do social situations influence language use, discourse and conversation? This book is a monograph which presents a multidisciplinary theory of context and the way context influences language use ...and discourse. Unlike in earlier approaches, contexts are not defined as objective social 'variables', such as gender or age. Rather, they are constructs of the participants themselves, that is, 'subjective definitions of the communicative situation' that are made explicit in the sociocognitive notion of context models. These models dynamically control all language use, make sure that discourses are appropriate in the communicative situation and hence are the basis of pragmatics. In this book, context models are studied especially from a (socio) linguistic and cognitive perspective. In another book published by Cambridge University Press, Society and Discourse, Teun A. van Dijk develops the social psychological, sociological and anthropological dimensions of the theory of context.
Mestring er et etablert begrep i arbeidet med å forebygge psykisk uhelse for ungdom. I 2020 kom mestring inn i læreplanen for grunnskolen gjennom det tverrfaglige temaet folkehelse og livsmestring. ...For å forstå mestring blant ungdom er konteksten og sammenhengen hvor handlingene foregår viktige momenter. I denne studien utforsker vi hva jenter selv gjør for å mestre sosiale utfordringer i skolen. Gjennom en innholdsanalyse av totalt 22 intervjuer med ti jenter om deres hverdag, og ved hjelp av begrepet arbeid, finner vi at jentenes mestringsarbeid er mangfoldig og har ulik intensjon. Unngåelse er et mestringsarbeid som er særlig utbredt. Vi forstår dette som et viktig mestringsarbeid for jentene, og drøfter hvordan våre funn kan utfordre gjengs forståelse av unngåelse. Studien inviterer dermed til en bredere forståelse av hvordan ungdom selv mestrer hverdagen sin, og hva som kan være formålstjenlig mestringsarbeid. ENGLISH ABSTRACT Avoidance as coping work. A qualitative study of how girls cope with social challenges in school Throughout recent years, coping has become a well-established term concerning the prevention of mental ill-health for adolescents. In 2020, coping was incorporated into the curricula for secondary education concerning the interdisciplinary topic health and life skills (coping for life). To understand coping among adolescents, the context where the activity takes place is important. In this study, we explore what adolescent girls themselves do to cope with the relational challenges of everyday life in schools. Based on content analysis of 22 interviews with ten girls from Norway and by using the analytical term work, we find the girls’ coping work to be nuanced and with different intensions. Avoidance as coping work is widespread. We understand this as an important work for girls, and we discuss how our results challenge the dominant view on avoidance. Thereby, the study invites a widened understanding of how adolescents cope with their everyday life and what can be viewed as appropriate coping.
U istraživanju se analizira zastupljenost odanosti javanskih žena u indonezijskim folklornim pričama. Analiza četiriju priča oslanja se na tekstualnu raščlambu iz feminističke perspektive te na ...odabrane elemente književno-sociološkoga pristupa. Zaključuje se da su javanske žene u indonezijskim narodnim pričama dužne biti odane vladarima i institucijama – koji su zapravo jedno te isto. Javanke koje iskazuju lojalnost često su nagrađene simboličnim nagradama i prednostima, dok one nelojalne ili prkosne čeka tragičan kraj. Analizirani tekstovi ne uključuju ženske glasove. Indonezijske narodne priče stoga mladim čitateljima, a
osobito djeci, prenose uvjerenje da je odanost državi i vlastima od iznimne važnosti.
After his earlier book Discourse and Context, also published by Cambridge University Press, Teun A. van Dijk in this study presents the second part of his new multidisciplinary theory of context. The ...main thesis of this theory is that the influence of society on discourse is not direct, as is postulated for instance in sociolinguistics, but cognitively mediated by subjective mental models of the communicative situation: context models. These dynamic models control discourse production and comprehension and define the pragmatic appropriateness of text and talk. Whereas in Discourse and Context the psychological and linguistic aspects of context were analyzed, this book focuses on the social psychological, sociological, anthropological and political aspects of context. Tony Blair's 2003 speech defending his motion to go to war against Saddam Hussein and the following debate in parliament is used as an example illustrating the new theory.
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