Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a promising solution for long range and low power Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communication applications. This paper focuses on ...defining a systematic and powerful approach of identifying the key characteristics of such applications, translating them into explicit requirements, and then deriving the associated design considerations. LPWANs are resource-constrained networks and are primarily characterized by long battery life operation, extended coverage, high capacity, and low device and deployment costs. These characteristics translate into a key set of requirements including M2M traffic management, massive capacity, energy efficiency, low power operations, extended coverage, security, and interworking. The set of corresponding design considerations is identified in terms of two categories, desired or expected ones and enhanced ones, which reflect the wide range of characteristics associated with LPWAN-based applications. Prominent design constructs include admission and user traffic management, interference management, energy saving modes of operation, lightweight media access control (MAC) protocols, accurate location identification, security coverage techniques, and flexible software re-configurability. Topological and architectural options for interconnecting LPWAN entities are discussed. The major proprietary and standards-based LPWAN technology solutions available in the marketplace are presented. These include Sigfox, LoRaWAN, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), and long term evolution (LTE)-M, among others. The relevance of upcoming cellular 5G technology and its complementary relationship with LPWAN technology are also discussed.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Low power wide area networks (LPWANs) are a new generation of wireless communication technology designed for the Internet of Things to provide low energy and long range connectivity. LoRa is one of ...the promising technology. In this paper, we examine LoRa system performance and analyze the scalability of this technology considering packet payload size, spreading factor, number of nodes and number of gateways.
By 2020, more than 50 billion devices would be connected through radio communications. In accordance with the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) market, Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) ...have become popular as low-rate long-range radio communication technologies. Sigfox, LoRa, and NB-IoT are actually three leading LPWAN technologies that compete for large-scale IoT deployment. This paper provides a comprehensive and comparative study on these technologies as efficient solutions to connect smart, autonomous and heterogeneous devices. We show that Sigfox and LoRa have advantages in terms of battery lifetime, capacity, and cost. Meanwhile, NB-IoT offers benefits in terms of latency and quality of service. In addition, we analyze IoT success factors of these major LPWAN technologies, and we consider application scenarios and explain which technology fits best.
Addressing the recent trend of the massive demand for resources and ubiquitous use for all citizens has led to the conceptualization of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart ...cities. Ubiquitous IoT connectivity can be achieved to serve both urban and underserved remote areas such as rural communities by deploying 5G mobile networks with Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). The current architectures will not offer flexible connectivity to many IoT applications due to high service demand, data exchange, emerging technologies, and security challenges. Hence, this paper explores various architectures that consider a hybrid 5G-LPWAN-IoT and Smart Cities. This includes security challenges as well as endogenous security and solutions in 5G and LPWAN-IoT. The slicing of virtual networks using software-defined network (SDN)/network function virtualization (NFV) based on the different quality of service (QoS) to satisfy different services and quality of experience (QoE) is presented. Also, a strategy that considers the implementation of 5G jointly with Weightless-N (TVWS) technologies to reduce the cell edge interference is considered. Discussions on the need for ubiquity connectivity leveraging 5G and LPWAN-IoT are presented. In addition, future research directions are presented, including a unified 5G network and LPWAN-IoT architecture that will holistically support integration with emerging technologies and endogenous security for improved/secured smart cities and remote areas IoT applications. Finally, the use of LPWAN jointly with low earth orbit (LEO) satellites for ubiquitous IoT connectivity is advocated in this paper.
Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview Raza, Usman; Kulkarni, Parag; Sooriyabandara, Mahesh
IEEE Communications surveys and tutorials,
01/2017, Letnik:
19, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Low power wide area (LPWA) networks are attracting a lot of attention primarily because of their ability to offer affordable connectivity to the low-power devices distributed over very large ...geographical areas. In realizing the vision of the Internet of Things, LPWA technologies complement and sometimes supersede the conventional cellular and short range wireless technologies in performance for various emerging smart city and machine-to-machine applications. This review paper presents the design goals and the techniques, which different LPWA technologies exploit to offer wide-area coverage to low-power devices at the expense of low data rates. We survey several emerging LPWA technologies and the standardization activities carried out by different standards development organizations (e.g., IEEE, IETF, 3GPP, ETSI) as well as the industrial consortia built around individual LPWA technologies (e.g., LoRa Alliance, Weightless-SIG, and Dash7 alliance). We further note that LPWA technologies adopt similar approaches, thus sharing similar limitations and challenges. This paper expands on these research challenges and identifies potential directions to address them. While the proprietary LPWA technologies are already hitting the market with large nationwide roll-outs, this paper encourages an active engagement of the research community in solving problems that will shape the connectivity of tens of billions of devices in the next decade.
Low power wide area networks (LPWAN) are emerging as a new paradigm, especially in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity. LoRa is one of the LPWAN and it is gaining quite a lot of ...commercial traction. The modulation underlying LoRa is patented and has never been described theoretically. The aim of this letter is to give the first rigorous mathematical signal processing description of the modulation and demodulation processes. We provide as well a theoretical derivation of the optimum receiver entailing a low-complexity demodulation process, resorting to the Fast Fourier Transform. We compare then the performance of the LoRa modulation and the frequency-shift keying modulation both in an additive white gaussian noise channel and a frequency selective channel, showing the superiority of the LoRa modulation in the frequency selective channel. The results of this letter will enable a further assessment of the LoRa based networks, much more rigorous than what has been done until now.
Low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) constitute a type of networks which is used to connect things to the Internet from a wide variety of sectors. These types of technologies provide the Internet of ...Things (IoT) devices with the ability to transmit few bytes of data for long ranges, taking into consideration minimum power consumption. In parallel, IoT applications will cover a wide range of human and life needs from smart environments (cities, home, transportation, etc.) to health and quality of life. Among these popular LPWANs technologies, we have identified the unlicensed frequency band (LoRa, DASH7, SigFox, Wi-SUN, etc.), and the licensed frequency band standards (NB-IoT, LTE Cat-M, EC-GSM-IoT, etc.). In general, both types of standards only consider fixed interconnected things, and less attention has been provided to the mobility of the things or devices. In this paper, we address the mobility of the things and the connectivity in each of the three LPWAN standards: LoRaWAN, DASH7, and NB-IoT. In particular, we show how the mobility of things can be achieved when transmitting and receiving data. Then, we provide a general and technical comparison for the three standards. Finally, we illustrate several application scenarios where the mobility is required, and we show how to select the most suited standard. We also discuss the research challenges and perspectives.
While the spreading of the Internet of Things continues beyond expectations, the security of networking technologies used in this context remains an open issue. This paper provides a comprehensive ...overview of the state of the art on the security of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), with a focus on Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and Narrowband Internet of Things. The paper covers five main areas: (1) security requirements and their implementation in these networks, such as authentication, encryption, access control, and key management; (2) categorization of attacks and threat modeling, with the identification of the attack vectors and the presentation of an attack categorization and analysis; (3) a detailed explanation of attacks documented on Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and Narrowband Internet of Things, examining the underlying vulnerabilities exploited, outlining potential consequences, and discussing countermeasures proposed to mitigate these attacks; (4) security enhancements proposed to address vulnerabilities in each network; (5) the integration of LPWANs with 5G and the consequent security challenges. This survey constitutes an important and missing resource for the study and the development of secure Internet of Things solutions based on Low Power Wide Area Networks, raising awareness of potential threats, and guiding future research efforts towards strengthening the security of these networks and of the broader IoT landscape.
LoRa has become a promising low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology for long-range communications, enabling various Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, LoRa requires appropriate ...settings of transmission parameters on end devices (EDs) to achieve good performance for different IoT applications. We investigate in this paper power-efficient transmissions in LoRa uplink systems. To adapt to the diverse situations of IoT applications, we define two typical scenarios considering per-ED and sum-ED quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, respectively, to optimize the system power consumption. We formulate the problem to minimize the overall transmit power of LoRa EDs, in consideration of factors such as ED and frequency resource block (RB) pairing, spreading factor (SF) allocation, and ED's minimum data rate requirement. To solve the joint optimization problem efficiently, we first develop an ED-RB pairing scheme, which computes the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for each ED, then sorts the EDs in an ascending order according to their average SNRs, and finally selects one RB with the highest SNR for the first ordered ED and then for other EDs sequentially. We also propose to select the appropriate SF to meet the transmission data rate requirements and adjust the transmit power subsequently to facilitate power-efficient uplink transmissions. Furthermore, the complexity of the proposed schemes are analyzed as well. Both numerical simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed schemes save more than 34.6% power in comparison with the baseline.
One of parameters for observing weather elements is the amount of rainfall. The rainfall observation system is using ARG. The existing condition uses cellular network-based IoT. In this study, ...researchers tried to provide an alternative communication system for ARG data acquisition networks using LPWAN-based IoT technology. Comparison of three LPWAN IoT technologies that can be applied to ARG communication systems, namely NB-IoT, Sigfox, and LoRaWAN. The three LPWAN technologies have followed the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Communication and Information Regulation No. 1 of 2019. These three technologies can be used for ARG data acquisition networks. LoRaWAN technology in rural areas reaches 20 km. LoRaWAN devices that meet frequency requirements have been sold freely on the internet with the 920 MHz frequency band. Of these three technologies, only LoRaWAN can be used to build private or internal communication networks. This is an added value for BMKG to build district or provincial scale LPWA WAN networks in regions that are constrained by the transmission of ARG data through cellular networks.
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