The first part of the report presents stylized facts of youth and labor markets in Africa. The second part discusses past youth employment interventions in the region. It argues for the need of an ...integrated approach should governments want to tackle youth employment issues in a sustainable manner. Indeed, in African countries, with large informal sectors and dominance of rural population, solely reforming labor market institutions and implementing active labor market policies are likely to have limited impact. It argues that the most needed and well-rounded approaches are: expanding job and education alternatives in the rural areas, where most youth live; promoting and encouraging mobility; creating a conducive business environment; encouraging the private sector; improving the access and quality of skills formation; taking care of demographic issues that more directly affects the youth; and reducing child labor.
Immigration controls are often presented by government as a means of ensuring 'British jobs for British workers' and protecting migrants from exploitation. However, in practice they can undermine ...labour protections. As well as a tap regulating the flow of labour, immigration controls function as a mould, helping to form types of labour with particular relations to employers and the labour market. In particular, the construction of institutionalised uncertainty, together with less formalised migratory processes, help produce 'precarious workers' over whom employers and labour users have particular mechanisms of control.
We develop a specific-factors model of regional economies that includes two types of workers, skilled and unskilled. The model delivers a simple equation relating trade-induced local shocks to ...changes in local skill premia. We apply the methodology to Brazil's early 1990s trade liberalization and find statistically significant but modest effects of liberalization on the evolution of the skill premium between 1991 and 2010. The methodology uses widely available household survey data and can easily be applied to other countries and liberalization episodes.
This paper contributes to the continuing debates on the mechanisms driving labor market informality in developing countries by proposing an innovative way to discriminate between segmented and ...competitive markets. An empirical analysis is applied to Egyptian paid employment in the highly dynamic context of 1998–2006.
The study is based on recent nonparametric methods applied to estimate the model with essential heterogeneity. The model is extended to decomposing the treatment effects into unobserved and observed components.
The results show triple heterogeneity of workers on the Egyptian labor market, offering support to both segmented and competitive views on informal labor.
Uber, the ride-sharing company launched in 2010, has grown at an exponential rate. Using both survey and administrative data, the authors provide the first comprehensive analysis of the labor market ...for Uber’s driver-partners. Drivers appear to be attracted to the Uber platform largely because of the flexibility it offers, the level of compensation, and the fact that earnings per hour do not vary much based on the number of hours worked. Uber’s driver-partners are more similar in terms of their age and education to the general workforce than to taxi drivers and chauffeurs. Most of Uber’s driver-partners had full- or part-time employment before joining Uber, and many continue in those positions after starting to drive with the Uber platform, which makes the flexibility to set their own hours especially valuable. Drivers often cite the desire to smooth fluctuations in their income as one of their reasons for partnering with Uber.
Researchers’ interest in monopsony has increased in recent years. This article reviews the accumulating evidence that employers have considerable monopsony power. It summarizes the application of ...this idea to explaining the impact of minimum wages and immigration, in anti-trust, and in understanding how to model the determinants of earnings in matched employer–employee data sets and the implications for inequality and the labor share.
Após 10 anos da política de cotas das universidades federais, a literatura ainda carece de pesquisas sobre a inserção dos egressos cotistas e não cotistas no mercado de trabalho. Diante desse ...problema, o objetivo do artigo foi comparar os ganhos no mercado de trabalho entre egressos cotistas e não cotistas dos cursos de graduação das universidades federais brasileiras. Para tanto, aplicamos um questionário eletrônico, que foi respondido por uma expressiva amostra de 11.458 egressos, de 248 cursos de graduação, de todas as áreas do conhecimento, de 18 universidades federais e das cinco regiões do Brasil. Por meio do Teste de Qui-Quadrado, comparamos o status de ocupação, o motivo de não trabalhar, o setor de atuação, o tipo de cargo/emprego, a remuneração, o porte da empresa/organização e a ocupação de cargos de chefia ou de direção entre os egressos. Os resultados sugerem que egressos cotistas obtêm altas taxas de ocupação, com uma boa inserção no mercado de trabalho, trabalhando em cargos/empregos ditos mais qualificados, em empresas/organizações de grande porte e recebendo boas remunerações. Porém, os resultados sugerem que, em geral, os ganhos ocupacionais e salariais de egressos cotistas ainda são inferiores aos de egressos não cotistas. Logo, nossos resultados sugerem que a política de cotas das universidades federais é uma importante ferramenta de inclusão socioeconômica dos estudantes cotistas, justificando sua existência, mas que ela, por si só, ainda não completamente elimina a forte desigualdade social entre as famílias brasileiras, que parece afetar diferentemente os ganhos dos profissionais no mercado de trabalho.
Las políticas de protección social con enfoque de género, pretenden elevar el nivel de respuesta ante situaciones de exclusión o eventos económicos y naturales. Sin embargo, en no todos los casos ...hombres y mujeres aprovechan de igual modo el conjunto de prestaciones públicas inherentes a los esquemas de bienestar. El artículo examina el lugar que ocupa el territorio dentro de los ámbitos productores de bienestar y sus efectos posibles, en mujeres con escaso ritmo de inclusión al mercado laboral. Para este empeño, se toma como referencia el actual contexto socioeconómico en Santiago de Cuba, a fin de ofrecer claves específicas rumbo al fortalecimiento de la arquitectura de protección social en Cuba. Para ello, se analizan los principales escenarios que plantean amenazas a los pilares de equidad, a la vez que se ofrecen algunas consideraciones para su intervención.
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