U ovome je radu istraživački interes usmjeren na prve zapise, tvorbu i razvoj značenja naziva
cjepivo
u hrvatskome jeziku u medicinskome, konkretnije imunološkome smislu – od njegovih prvopotvrđenica ...u leksikografskim vrelima i periodici druge polovine 19. stoljeća preko najstarijih terminoloških rječnika do njegova bilježenja u kasnijim rječničkim i enciklopedijskim ostvarenjima. Pokazat će se kako je hrvatski jezik nedugo nakon revolucionarne pojave koncepta cijepljenja (
vakcinacije
) zaslugama oca vakcinologije Edwarda Jennera, a time posljedično i cjepiva, pronašao tvorenicu koja nije ustupila mjesto internacionalizmu
vakcina
. Štoviše, jedan je od rijetkih slavenskih jezika koji se nije priklonio posuđenici. Ovim se istraživanjem još jednom potvrđuje teza o bogatim tvorbenim mogućnostima hrvatskoga jezika, koje su posebno zaživjele u jeku njegova terminološkoga procvata u drugoj polovini 19. stoljeća. U istraživanju se iznosi i pregled nastanka naziva
cjepivo
u engleskome, jeziku u kojemu je i osmišljen taj naziv i razvijena njegova tvorbena porodica, te se iznose novi pogledi na dosadašnje zaključke o vrsti riječi koju je jenner namijenio obliku
vaccine
.
This paper focuses on the history of the term
cjepivo
in Croatian lexicography, exploring its first records, creation, and development of meaning. The authors analyze its first appearances in lexicographic sources and periodicals from the second half of the 19th century, including the earliest terminological dictionaries, as well as later dictionaries and encyclopedias. The paper demonstrates how, soon after the revolutionary emergence of the concept of vaccination and vaccines, the Croatian language developed a term that did not rely on the loanword
vakcina
, which is used in many other Slavic languages. This research supports the idea that Croatian has a strong word-formation capabilities, particularly evident during the peak of its terminological development in the second half of the 19th century. Additionally, the paper provides an overview of the origin of the word
vaccine
in English, the language in which the term was coined and its word-formation cluster was developed. Finally, the paper presents new perspectives on the intended part of speech for the term
vaccine
by its creator, Edward Jenner.
This paper deals with the selection and the lexicographic treatment of figurative expressions in two dictionaries: a French-Serbian dictionary for elementary school students and an Italian-Serbian ...dictionary for elementary and secondary school students. First, the corpus is processed for the purpose of quantitative comparison of figurative expressions, then 18 related words from each dictionary are singled out in order for qualitative similarities and differences to be more thoroughly examined, with, finally, the same words being analysed by means of general two-way dictionaries. The highlights of the analysis are as follows: the number of marked figurative expressions is disproportionately greater in the dictionary intended for both elementary and secondary school students; translation equivalents are identical or very similar in both school dictionaries, with the exception of the way they are marked; both school dictionaries feature examples for all figurative meanings; and, the number of figurative meanings in school dictionaries is lower than in general dictionaries, but the former show more consistence with regard to their marking and exemplifying. As far as the results are concerned, they are interpreted through the prism of lexicological, lexicographic, and didactic factors. In the end, the author conclude(s) that an appropriate treatment of figurative expressions is one of the key reasons why two-way school dictionaries are still an indispensable tool in foreign language teaching.
Šume su značajni čuvar prirodnih uvjeta života, izvor gospodarske vrijednosti i sirovina za drvnu industriju i mnoge druge industrijske grane. Šumarstvo je složena djelatnost koja sadržava biološku, ...ekološku, tehničku i ekonomsku komponentu pa se enciklopedijska obradba toga područja nameće kao imperativ. Iako je malen broj zemalja koje su pristupile izdavanju posebne šumarske enciklopedije, obiman rad Leksikografskoga zavoda (isprva Leksikografski zavod FNRJ, od 1991. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža) vrlo je brzo nakon osnutka obuhvatio šumarstvo i izdao izvorno koncipiranu Šumarsku enciklopediju (1–2. sv. u 1. izd. 1959–63. te 1–3. sv. u 2. izd. 1980–87; glavni urednici Aleksandar Ugrenović i Zvonimir Potočić), koja se može svrstati među enciklopedičke rijetkosti.Metodologija rada obuhvaćala je u prvome redu (1) pronalaženje, selektiranje i organiziranje znanstvenih informacija iz primarnih izvora. Služba arhiva Općega odjela Zavoda obavlja poslove čuvanja arhivskoga gradiva i potrebno gradivo o Šumarskoj enciklopediji bilo je dostupno, opsežno i vrlo raznoliko. U ovome je radu pokazano da pohranjeni zapisi o nastanku Šumarske enciklopedije predstavljaju brižljivo zabilježena svjedočanstva u obliku korespondencija, bilješki sa sastanaka, sačuvanih originalnih članaka itd. Metodologija je dalje uključivala (2) analizu arhivskog gradiva, proučavanje i analizu oba izdanja Šumarske enciklopedije, ali i znanstvenih radova iz drugih izvora, napose znanstvenih časopisa.Vodeći računa o cilju rada, koji je u ovome radu bio dvojak, u rezultatima se donosi osvrt na urednike struka i autore članaka te ilustracija u Šumarskoj enciklopediji (1), a potom se analizira i valorizira sadržaj i struktura oba izdanja Šumarske enciklopedije (2). Rezultati analize pokazuju da je prvo izdanje Šumarske enciklopedije odgovaralo svojim sadržajem trenutku u kojemu je stvorena, tadašnjim potrebama šumarske i drvnoindustrijske tehnologije i stručnih kadrova. U sljedeća dva desetljeća postignut je neočekivano velik napredak u nizu stručnih disciplina koje ulaze u područje interesa šumarstva i drvne industrije. Drugo izdanje Šumarske enciklopedije nastojalo je udovoljiti očekivanjima stručnjaka i javnosti koja su proizlazila iz potreba novoga doba. Trebala je poslužiti kao udžbenik i kao priručnik. Time je čitatelj dobio cjelovitu i preglednu sliku pojedinih zaokruženih sadržaja. Šumarska enciklopedija, koja je izišla u izdanju Leksikografskoga zavoda, uspjela je sažeto prikazati fundamentalna saznanja o šumarstvu svima zainteresiranima, olakšavajući donošenje stručnih odluka pri rješavanju šumarske teorijske i praktične problematike.
Forests are an important guardian of natural living conditions, a source of economic value and raw materials for the wood industry and many other industries. Forestry is a complex activity that contains biological, ecological, technical, and economic components, and that deserves to be treated encyclopedically. Although a few countries started publishing a special forestry encyclopedia at that time, the extensive work of the Institute of Lexicography (at first the Institute of Lexicography of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia; since 1991 The Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography) covered forestry very soon after its foundation, and published the originally designed The Encyclopedia of Forestry (vols 1–2 of the 1st edition, 1959–63, and vols 1–3 of the 2nd edition, 1980–87; chief editors Aleksandar Ugrenović and Zvonimir Potočić), which may be considered an encyclopedic rarity.The working methodology included, first of all, (1) finding, selecting, and organising scientific information from primary sources. The archive service of the Department of Human Resources and Legal Affairs of the Institute performs the tasks of keeping archival material, and the necessary material on The Encyclopedia of Forestry was available, extensive, and very diverse. In this paper, it is shown that the stored records of the creation of The Encyclopedia of Forestry thus represent carefully recorded testimonies in the form of correspondence, notes from meetings, preserved original articles, etc. The methodology further included (2) the analysis of archival material and the study and analysis of The Encyclopedia of Forestry itself (both editions) as well as scientific papers from other sources, especially scientific journals.Considering the aim of the work, which in this paper was twofold, the results include a review of professional editors and authors of articles and illustrations in The Encyclopaedia of Forestry (1), after which the content and structure of both editions of The Encyclopedia of Forestry are analysed and evaluated (2). The results of the analysis show that the first edition of The Encyclopedia of Forestry corresponded in its content to the moment in which it was created, to the then needs of forestry and wood industry technology and professional personnel. In the following two decades, unexpectedly great progress was achieved in a number of professional disciplines that enter the field of interest of forestry and the wood industry. The second edition of The Encyclopedia of Forestry tried to meet the expectations of experts and the public that arose from the needs of this new era. It was to serve as both a textbook and a manual. Thus, the reader received a complete and comprehensive picture of certain contents. The Encyclopedia of Forestry, which was published by the Institute of Lexicography, managed to concisely present fundamental knowledge about forestry to all who were interested, but it also facilitated the making of professional decisions when solving theoretical and practical issues in forestry.
Glagoli odašiljanja zvuka u hrvatskome jeziku Brač, Ivana; Matijević, Maja
Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje,
2021, Letnik:
47, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
U radu se analiziraju glagoli odašiljanja zvuka na sintaktičkoj, semantičkoj i leksikografskoj razini. Ti se glagoli određuju kao glagoli koji izražavaju događaj u kojemu tko ili što proizvodi kakav ...zvuk, a razlikuju se prema tome tko ili što ga odašilje, kakav je zvuk, gdje i kako nastaje i sl. Popis od 219 glagola, prilagođen prema Mikelić Preradović (2014) i Levin (1993), analiziran je u četirima hrvatskim jednojezičnim rječnicima te su u definiranju uočene razlike među njima, ali i nesustavnosti unutar jednoga rječnika. S pomoću mrežnih korpusa (
hrWaC
,
Hrvatska jezična riznica
) analizirani su glagoli te njihove kolokacije i primjeri koji upućuju na to da glagoli koji primarno pripadaju skupini odašiljanja zvuka mogu imati i druga značenja te postati npr. glagoli načina govorenja ili kretanja, čime se mijenja i valencijski obrazac. Cilj je rada s pomoću temeljite semantičke i sintaktičke analize upotpuniti leksikografsku obradu glagola odašiljanja zvuka u jednojezičnome rječniku.
The paper analyses verbs of sound emission at the syntactic, semantic, and lexicographic levels. These verbs are defined as verbs that describe an event in which someone or something emits a sound (Levin, Atkins and Song 1997), and they differ according to the emitter, sound qualities, manner and location of emitting the sound, etc. The list of 219 verbs, adapted from Mikelić Preradović (2014) and Levin (1993), was analysed in four Croatian general monolingual dictionaries (
Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika
, Šonje (2000),
Hrvatski jezični portal
(HJP),
Školski rječnik
(Birtić et al. 2013), and
Veliki rječnik hrvatskoga standardnog jezika
(Jojić et al. 2015)). Some differences in defining the verbs of sound emission have been noticed, but also the lack of consistency within one dictionary. The web corpora (
hrWaC
,
Hrvatska jezična riznica
) are used to analyse verb meanings, collocations, and examples and it has been noticed that some verbs that primarily belong to the group of verbs of sound emission can have other meanings, which often changes their valency pattern. The verbs are divided according to whether the sound emits an inanimate or animate entity. With the inanimate emitter, the verbs can be connected to the verbs of movement, when the subject is the entity, which otherwise does not emit the sound itself, but it creates sound with its movement through the air (e.g.
prozviždati
‘whistle’) or does it in contact with water (
pljusnuti
ʻsplashʼ) or with some other object (e.g.
tresnuti
‘slap’). Some of the verbs can also be associated with the verbs of physiological processes (e.g.
hripati
‘wheeze’). When the verbs of sounds made by animals have a human at the subject position, they also belong to the group of the verbs of the manner of speaking (
kokodakati
‘cluck’) or they are verbs of expressing emotions that can be positive (e.g.
presti
‘purr’) or negative (e.g.
režati
‘growl’). The proposal for the lexicographic description of these verbs in the dictionary is to specify all meaning and to separate the meaning when the entity emits sound without and with the external causer, i.e. agent, which also affects the valency pattern. By citing examples from the corpus, it can also be noticed what or who can emit the sound and valence possibilities of the verb.
“Folk lexicography” is a phenomenon of modern linguistic culture, the result of the metalingual activity and one of the most significant manifestations of naive linguistics. Online slang dictionaries ...for amateur creation are becoming an indispensable research area and a generous source of information for traditional lexicographers. Their “online” form makes data collection extremely user-friendly, and in terms of audience coverage, they cannot compete with any other phenomenon. Open dictionaries provide the opportunity to discover the latest slang units, to monitor their use in the most modern contexts, to analyze the lively process of linguistic creation. From the general point of view, amateur dictionaries are more likely to be attributed to encyclopedic ones than to linguistic dictionaries, as the units of description of their articles more often are concepts, of lexical rather than grammatical meanings. If a paper dictionary can be understood as a scientific resource, then an open electronic dictionary – a multivariate creation of a modern virtual community can be perceived as a continuous creative process.
Povijest romskoga stanovništva na hrvatskim područjima većinom je bila obilježena razdobljima u kojima su ga vlasti nastojale represivnim putem asimilirati u većinsko
stanovništvo. Za vrijeme Drugoga ...svjetskog rata nacističke su vlasti i njihovi
saveznici proveli genocid nad njima. Upravo je to ratno razdoblje smatrano
središnjom točkom u povijesti romskoga stanovništva. U radu se analizira na
koji se način pisalo o stradanju Roma u odabranim leksikografskim djelima
izdanima od 1945. do danas. Kako bi se bolje razumjeli rezultati ove analize, istraživanjem su obuhvaćene leksikografske publikacije određenih europskih zemalja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako je tema stradanja Roma u hrvatskim
leksikografskim izdanjima nedovoljno zastupljena, što je bio slučaj i u drugim
europskim leksikografijama. Ovakav odnos hrvatske leksikografije prema
povijesti jedne od najstarijih i danas jedne od brojnijih manjinske skupine u
Republici Hrvatskoj odraz je marginalizacije kulture sjećanja na romske žrtve
unutar hrvatskoga društva, posebice u znanosti i kulturi.
Similarly to other European countries, the history of the Roma population in Croatian areas was marked mostly by most periods of persecution and suffering, when the
authorities tried to use repression in order to assimilate the Roma into the
majority population. One such period was during World War II, when genocide
against the Roma was carried out in many European countries by the Nazi
authorities and their allies. After the War, the culture of remembering Roma
victims became marginalised in Croatia. This paper examines how Croatian
lexicography approached the issue of the significance of Roma suffering during
World War II in selected lexicographical works from 1945 till today, and
compares it to lexicographical publications from certain other European
countries. Research shows that Croatian lexicography neglected the importance
of Roma genocidal suffering as a central point in the history of the Roma
population. Such a similar marginal attitude towards Roma suffering in World
War II was present in other European lexicographies, which is only one of the
arguments in favour of the thesis that post-war society in Europe, including
Croatian society, neglected the importance of researching Roma suffering in war
and thus marginalised the culture of remembrance of Roma victims of genocide,
especially in science and culture.
Rad se
bavi leksikografskom obradom pragmatičkih informacija u suvremenim hrvatskim
dvojezičnim tiskanim rječnicima dvaju slavenskih (makedonski, ruski) te dvaju
germanskih jezika (engleski, ...njemački) s hrvatskim kao polaznim jezikom. Uvodna
poglavlja rada posvećena su definiciji pojma
pragmatičke informacije
te
utvrđivanju načina i sredstava njihova prezentiranja u rječnicima. Središnji
dio rada posvećen je analizi primjera leksikografskih opisa pragmatičkih
informacija na makrorazini i mikrorazini izabranih rječnika, dok se u završnom
dijelu rada raspravlja o mogućnostima unapređivanja njihove leksikografske
obrade.
The paper deals with lexicographic processing of pragmatic information (PI) in contemporary Croatian bilingual printed dictionaries of two Slavic and two Germanic languages with Croatian as the starting language (Croatian‒Macedonian/Russian/English/German dictionary). The introductory part of the paper deals with the definition of PI and the lexicographic ways and means of their presentation. The central part of the paper analyzes the examples of PI descriptions from the selected bilingual dictionaries, while the final chapter discusses the methodology for studying the pragmatic features of lexemes, the possibilities of enhancing lexicographic processing of PI in future, and the importance of such information for dictionary users.
U izradi (dvojezičnih) rječnika, kao i pri prevođenju, razgraničavanje značenja predstavlja standardni postupak koji je ponekad nužan iz tvorbenih, ali češće iz morfosintaktičkih razloga, ovisno o ...polaznom jeziku. Uvodni dio rada daje kratku usporedbu dvaju jezika, hrvatskoga i engleskoga, raspravljajući o leksikografskim postupcima u izradi rječnika sve do odlučivanja na temelju pravila leksikografske odluke. U drugom poglavlju razmatraju se posebnosti dvojezičnih rječnika i metodologija razrade natuknice u rječnički članak, u dvama nesrodnim jezicima kao što su hrvatski i engleski, dajući prednost korištenju relevantnih kontekstualnih izvora (poput tekstova i korpusa). Treće se poglavlje bavi natuknicama s hrvatskim kao polaznim jezikom i obuhvaća razgraničavanje pridjeva s nastavcima -iv, -jiv i -ljiv (npr. jestiv, jediv i jedljiv); razdvojbu pridjeva srednjega roda i priloga (npr. kazneno pravo, kazneno goniti); glagolskih pridjeva, glagolskih priloga i glagolskih imenica (npr. umirući); glagolskih pridjeva trpnih i pridjeva (npr. rođen i rođeni); prijedloga i priloga (npr. poslije); priložnih i prijedložnih sintagami (npr. nàgore, nȁgorē i na gore). U nastavku se razmatraju slučajevi polisemije (npr. zemlja), homofonije (npr. sûd), homonimije (npr. prȁvo, srednji rod pridjeva i prilog), označivanja radnje za razliku od dokumenta i na kraju primjeri lažnih parova. Specifičnosti engleskoga jezika odražavaju se kroz njegove brojne varijetete (prvenstveno BrE i AmE) i obrađuju se u četvrtom poglavlju. Posebno se, s obzirom na varijetet, navode razlike u pravopisu (npr. dialogue i dialog) te razlike na leksičkoj razini (kroz primjere u pravnoj i prometnoj terminologiji). Razrađuje se višefunkcionalnost oblika u engleskom jeziku (npr. drive, glagol ili imenica), sintaktička i morfosintaktička uvjetovanost značenja (član, jednina/množina npr. end of a/the/0 day/s/), višerječni izrazi (npr. golden parachute – velika otpremnina), polisemija (npr. stock), homonimi, homografi i homofoni (npr. bank – obala; banka), sinonimija (npr. freedom i liberty), paronimija (npr. proscribe i prescribe), lažni parovi (npr. billion – milijarda), kulturološki otisci u jeziku (npr. Dear John letter) i glagoli koji izražavaju negativno značenje u engleskom jeziku (npr. ne znati/poznavati – ignore). Primjeri navedeni u radu uzeti su iz rječnika (Gačić, 2010. i 2019) i iz korpusa. Zaključcima u petom poglavlju naglašava se nužnost primjene opisanih postupaka razgraničenja i razdvojbe značenja u dvojezičnoj leksikografiji i u prevođenju, prvenstveno kroz tekstove, korpuse i kontrastivnu analizu.
Meaning delimitation as a standard procedure in writing, editing, and compiling (bilingual) dictionaries, as well as in translation, is language dependent. Sometimes it refers to the analysis of word formation, but more frequently requires a morphosyntactic analysis of the lexical unit. The introduction gives a short comparison of the two languages, Croatian and English, discussing lexicographic procedures necessary in preparing a bilingual dictionary up to applying a lexicographic decision rule. Chapter 2 discusses specificities of bilingual dictionaries and the methodology of writing dictionary entries, especially in the case of two unrelated languages such as Croatian and English, giving preference to the use of relevant resources such as contexts (especially corpora). Chapter 3 deals with headwords in the Croatian language that require disambiguation, even for native speakers. The examples discussed in separate subchapters are: Croatian adjectives ending in -iv, -jiv, or -ljiv (e.g. jestiv, jediv, and jedljiv); contextual delimitations of neuter gender adjectives and of adverbs (e.g. kazneno pravo, kazneno goniti); present participial adjectives, verbal adverbs and gerunds (e.g. umirući); past participial adjectives and adjectives (e.g. rođen and rođeni); adverbs and prepositions (e.g. poslije); and adverbials and prepositional phrases (e.g. nàgore, nȁgorē and na gore). Further on, cases of polysemy (e.g. zemlja), homophony (e.g. sûd), and homonymy (e.g. prȁvo as a neuter form of an adjective and as an adverb), ways of denoting actions vs. documents, and finally cases of false friends are reviewed. Specificities of the English language, characterised by numerous varieties (primarily BrE and AmE), are dealt with in Chapter 4. Some differences of orthographic nature (e.g. dialogue and dialog), as well as lexical ones (exemplified by legal and road/railway traffic terminology), are pointed out. In addition, the multifunctionality of word forms in English (e.g. drive, as a verb or a noun); syntactic and morphosyntactic features of meanings (articles, singular/plural, e.g. end of a/the/0 day/s/), multiword expressions (e.g. golden parachute), polysemy (e.g. stock), homonyms, homographs and homophones (e.g. bank as an institution or an edge of a watercourse), synonyms (e.g. freedom and liberty), paronyms (e.g. proscribe and prescribe), false friends (e.g. billion compared to Croatian bilijun), culture-based language imprints (e.g. Dear John letter), and verbs expressing negative meanings in English (e.g. ignore) are delineated. For the most part, examples given in the article are provided from dictionaries (Gačić, 2010 and 2019) and corpora. Chapter 5 closes the paper with some concluding remarks, emphasising the necessity of applying of the described procedures of delimitation and disambiguation of meanings in bilingual lexicography and in translation, mainly through texts, corpora, and contrastive analysis.
U radu se prikazuje pet mrežnih rječnika nastalih u svrhu opisa (glagolske) valentnosti u slavenskim jezicima. Uspoređuju se lingvistički i leksikografski opisi valentnosti te se ne razmatra njihova ...računalna osnova. četiri mrežna valencijska rječnika (ruski
FrameBank
, češki
VALLEX
, hrvatski
CROVALLEX
i poljski
Walenty
) detaljno se uspoređuju s
e-Glavom
, mrežnim valencijskim rječnikom hrvatskoga jezika koji se izrađuje u Institutu za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje. na kraju rada opisuju se slična i različita svojstva svih spomenutih rječnika. Rječnici se razlikuju odnosom prema svršenim i nesvršenim te povratnim glagolima, odnosom prema adjunktima (dodatcima), polaznom točkom u shvaćanju valentnosti (semantička ili sintaktička) te bilježenjem uže (obvezne, neobvezne dopune i dodatci) ili šire valentnosti (sintaktičke preoblike poput pasiva, recipročnosti ili bezličnosti).
The aim of the paper is to compare the representation of valency in five online valency dictionaries of Slavic languages (the Russian
FrameBank
, the Czech
VALLEX
, the Polish
Walenty
, and two online valency dictionaries of Croatian,
Crovallex
and
e-Glava
).
FrameBank
,
VALLEX
,
Walenty
, and
CROVALLEX
are compared in detail with
e-Glava
and at the end all five online resources are correlated. The five dictionaries are based on various linguistic traditions, but despite that, some parts of their description are similar due to common features of Slavic languages. due to rich case systems, the morphological description is indispensable in these valency dictionaries.
Članek prinaša predstavitev meril za opredelitev novejše leksike in dosedanjo terminološko rabo v slovenskem jezikoslovju. Ker je področje obravnave novejše leksike na Slovenskem razmeroma novo, so ...slovenske opredelitve in terminološke rabe neenotne in za novejšo leksiko zasledimo različne definicije in poimenovanja; najpogostejša so neologizem, novota, novejši leksem in novejša beseda za posamezno leksikalno enoto ter novejše besedje in novejša leksika za zbirko leksemov.
PDF
