InThe Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv, Tarik Cyril Amar reveals the local and transnational forces behind the twentieth-century transformation of one of East Central Europe's most important multiethnic ...borderland cities into a Soviet and Ukrainian urban center. Today, Lviv is the modern metropole of the western part of independent Ukraine and a center and symbol of Ukrainian national identity as well as nationalism. Over the last three centuries it has also been part of the Habsburg Empire, interwar Poland, a World War I Russian occupation regime, the Nazi Generalgouvernement, and, until 1991, the Soviet Union.
Lviv's twentieth-century history was marked by great violence, massive population changes, and fundamental transformation. Under Habsburg and Polish rule up to World War II, Lviv was a predominantly Polish city as well as one of the major centers of European Jewish life. Immediately after World War II, Lviv underwent rapid Soviet modernization, bringing further extensive change. Over the postwar period, the city became preponderantly Ukrainian-ethnically, linguistically, and in terms of its residents' self-perception. Against this background, Amar explains a striking paradox: Soviet rule, which came to Lviv in its most ruthless Stalinist shape and lasted for half a century, left behind the most Ukrainian version of the city in history. In reconstructing this dramatic and profound change, Amar also illuminates the historical background to present-day identities and tensions within Ukraine.
InThe Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv, Tarik Cyril Amar reveals the local and transnational forces behind the twentieth-century transformation of one of East Central Europe's most important multiethnic borderland cities into a Soviet and Ukrainian urban center. Today, Lviv is the modern metropole of the western part of independent Ukraine and a center and symbol of Ukrainian national identity as well as nationalism. Over the last three centuries it has also been part of the Habsburg Empire, interwar Poland, a World War I Russian occupation regime, the Nazi Generalgouvernement, and, until 1991, the Soviet Union.Lviv's twentieth-century history was marked by great violence, massive population changes, and fundamental transformation. Under Habsburg and Polish rule up to World War II, Lviv was a predominantly Polish city as well as one of the major centers of European Jewish life. Immediately after World War II, Lviv underwent rapid Soviet modernization, bringing further extensive change. Over the postwar period, the city became preponderantly Ukrainian-ethnically, linguistically, and in terms of its residents' self-perception. Against this background, Amar explains a striking paradox: Soviet rule, which came to Lviv in its most ruthless Stalinist shape and lasted for half a century, left behind the most Ukrainian version of the city in history. In reconstructing this dramatic and profound change, Amar also illuminates the historical background to present-day identities and tensions within Ukraine.
The historiography of the fine arts museum in Europe is a narrative that has mostly followed the arc of the developing nation-state after the French Revolution. This approach has often focused on the ...emergence of the public museum as part of an ‘exhibitionary complex’ that helped to shape an ‘imagined community’ of patriotic citizens during the long nineteenth century. For the most part these nationally-based perspectives have been extremely productive, but they cannot do justice to many of the museums that emerged in the Austro-Hungarian Empire before its collapse. Indeed, the three authors of this excellent volume remind us that many of the ‘national’ fine arts museums of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire took shape well before the outbreak of war in 1914 and only took on their official status as representatives of their specific ‘nations’ in the years after 1918. Thus, the historiography of museums in central Europe needs a more nuanced approach. As the volume’s editor and contributor Matthew Rampley writes, ‘current state boundaries are not a meaningful framework for the study of museums in Habsburg Central Europe.’ This volume both suggests and models that new framework. To make their point the authors use several, more complicated (social, trans-national, and local) approaches to demonstrate how museums in the Empire’s important cities (Lemberg, Prague, Budapest, Cracow, and Zagreb) emerged from a complex set of Imperial, local and, as the century progressed, civic and nationalist ambitions. Together the authors unanimously argue in favor of viewing Austria-Hungary as a ‘shared cultural space’ with complex interactions that formed a web of relationships across the many nationalities of the Empire—a web that remains invisible to the post-1945 observer. This invitation to complexity is both convincing and compelling and it opens a broad field of new research possibilities. Well-written and exquisitely researched, the volume also inadvertently highlights one of the greatest challenges to future scholars: fluency in the local languages. We are grateful to these authors to have given us this volume in English. Insofar as it models several museological approaches, it can be useful to any scholar who is interested in the historiography of museums in Europe’s long nineteenth century.
Innovationen in diagnostischen Techniken aufgrund der Einführung der Endoskopie und die Entwicklung der Röntgentechnologie waren grundlegend, um die Abhängigkeit von Operationen zu verringern und die ...Urologie als neue Disziplin anzuerkennen. Danach rückte die endoskopische Chirurgie in den Vordergrund. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die Entwicklung der Urologie in Lemberg als eigenständiges Fachgebiet und ihre Abgrenzung von der Chirurgie darzustellen. Bekannte Lemberger Chirurgen, die sich für die Chirurgie des Urogenitalsystems interessierten, werden besprochen. Beschrieben werden die Anfänge der Urologie und ihre Entwicklung im Rahmen chirurgischer Abteilungen und letztlich als eigenständige Einrichtung in der Zwischenkriegszeit. Auch das Schicksal der polnischen Abteilung für Urologie in der Zwischenkriegszeit und während des Zweiten Weltkrieges wird beschrieben. J. Molendziński, G. Ziembicki, Z. Leńko und S. Laskownicki kann man als Begründer der Urologie in Lwów (Lemberg) bezeichnen. Umfangreiche Recherchen in Archiven und Bibliotheken in Polen und in der Ukraine sind zur Ausarbeitung dieses Artikels unternommen worden.
En tiempos de entreguerras, Bernardo Feuer, como tantos otros miles de inmigrantes, llegó a Buenos Aires proveniente de Europa. Traía consigo una formación musical estrechamente vinculada al mundo ...coral y un alto potencial como creador. Su carrera fue profusa: compositor, pedagogo musical, director de coro y también gestor cultural, ya que fue fundador de sus propios coros y organizador de conciertos y festivales. Feuer fue una figura clave en el mundo de la música coral judía no solo en el ámbito sinagogal sino también -y sobre todo- en el secular, participando en diversas asociaciones culturales de la comunidad. Trajo estas novedades desde Europa a este lado del océano Atlántico y las dejó plasmadas en la formación de estos coros seculares que incluían música del repertorio universal, canciones tradicionales judías en ídish y en hebreo y obras de su propia creación. Estas prácticas eran nuevas en los coros comunitarios de Sudamérica en la década del treinta y llegaron de su mano. Fue él quien se ocupó de expandirlas al interior del país y a otros países Latinoamericanos. Feuer contribuyó con sus composiciones, sus arreglos corales y la creación de sus coros, a la historia de la música. Parcialmente desconocido u olvidado, este relato biográfico intenta recuperar su itinerario artístico y contextualizarlo en su tiempo.
Das Buch ist dem polnisch-ukrainischen Konflikt um Lemberg gewidmet. Im Herbst 1918 wurde klar, dass es in den ethnisch gemischten polnisch-ukrainischen Gebieten zu einer Konfrontation zwischen den ...beiden Bevölkerungsgruppen kommen würde. Beide Nationen wollten die strittigen Territorien in ihre eigenen Staaten eingliedern. Am 1. November 1918 unternahmen ukrainische Aufständische eine erfolgreiche militärische und politische Erhebung. Lemberg wurde fast ohne Blutvergießen besetzt. Einige Stunden nach dem ukrainischen Staatsstreich machten sich polnische Untergrundorganisationen zu einem Gegenangriff auf. Bereits nach einigen Tagen war die Stadt durch eine reguläre Frontlinie geteilt. Die Kämpfe endeten am Morgen des 22. November mit dem Rückzug der ukrainischen Truppen und einem Pogrom an der jüdischen Bevölkerung.
After World War II, Europe witnessed the massive redrawing of national borders and the efforts to make the population fit those new borders. As a consequence of these forced changes, both Lviv and ...Wrocław went through cataclysmic changes in population and culture. Assertively Polish prewar Lwów became Soviet Lvov, and then, after 1991, it became assertively Ukrainian Lviv. Breslau, the third largest city in Germany before 1945, was in turn "recovered" by communist Poland as Wrocław. Practically the entire population of Breslau was replaced, and Lwów's demography too was dramatically restructured: many Polish inhabitants migrated to Wrocław and most Jews perished or went into exile. The forced migration of these groups incorporated new myths and the construction of official memory projects. The chapters in this edited book compare the two cities by focusing on lived experiences and "bottom-up" historical processes. Their sources and methods are those of micro-history and include oral testimonies, memoirs, direct observation and questionnaires, examples of popular culture, and media pieces. The essays explore many manifestations of the two sides of the same coin—loss on the one hand, gain on the other—in two cities that, as a result of the political reality of the time, are complementary.
Research objectives: The presentation of an inferred location of the Tatar Shlyakh trade road from Azaq to Lviv along the northern coast of the Sea of Azov and Black Sea. The external and internal ...factors and political processes in the ulus of Jochi and their influence on the direction and period of operation of the road and its development. The period of operation of this road is defined according to numismatic data. Research materials: “Pratica della mercatura” by Francesco Pegolotti, “Kodeks dyplomatyczny miasta Krakowa 1257–1506”, “Diplomatarium veneto-levantinum sive Acta et diplomata res venetas …”, medieval maps, a physical map and map of the rivers of Ukraine, a topographical study of coin finds on the territory of modern Nikolaev and Kherson regions of Ukraine. Results and novelty of the research: The exact route of the Tatar Shlyakh trade road from Azaq to Lviv along the northern coast of the Azov and the Black Seas is currently not exactly known. Modern researchers make a lot of mistakes, while trying to reconstruct it. They do not take into account the geographical features of the territory, political processes, and economic processes in the western part of the ulus of Jochi. Likewise, military clashes in the Crimea and in the western part of the ulus of Jochi at the beginning of the fourteenth century have been ignored. Some modern researchers believe that the route began in the city of Caffa on the Black Sea. Nevertheless, we took this data into account and recognized the part of the route from Caffa through Solkhat and Perekop as a branch of the main route. The topography of the finds of Jochid coins on the alleged stretch of the road was examined and used in this study. This topography indicates the possible location of another crossing over the Dnieper in the area of Adzhigolskaya Balka on the right bank of the Dnieper estuary. Two periods of the existence of this road in 1280–1300 and 1350–1390 are established according to numismatic data.
This article analyzes a collection of narratives concerning the Russian occupation of Lviv (Lwów, Lemberg), the capital of the Austrian Crownland Galicia, between September 1914 and June 1915 in the ...initial phase of World War I. These narratives were produced and published in Polish and German between 1915, when Lviv was still occupied, and 1935, sixteen years after it had been included in a reborn Poland. One might assume that the relatively uneventful occupation constituted a negligible experience in the context of the dramatic developments of this period: the Great War and the subsequent Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Soviet wars. And yet, memories of the Russian occupation were tenaciously perpetuated and cultivated. In this article I attempt to answer the multipronged question: Why did the occupation attract so much attention, and from whom, and what made its memories survive the subsequent dramatic conflicts and changes of political regimes relatively intact? Hence, my analysis regards the formation of collective memories at the intersection of individual experiences, group and national identities, and strategies of accommodating the unpredictably changing political realities.
Die deutschen Besatzer und ihre einheimischen Helfer ermordeten zwischen 1941 und 1944 in Ostgalizien mehr als eine halbe Million Juden. Lemberg, die größte Stadt dieser multiethnischen und ...geschichtsreichen Region, veränderte in Folge der Shoah vollkommen ihr Gesicht – ebenso wie Buczacz, Tarnopil und viele andere Orte, in denen Juden mit Ukrainern und Polen zusammengelebt hatten. Nur wenige Juden haben die dreijährige deutsche Besatzungszeit überlebt, darunter auch Eliyahu Yones, der Autor dieser Monographie, der sich erst nach Jahrzehnten dazu entschloss, sich mit der Verfolgung und Vernichtung der Lemberger und ostgalizischen Juden wissenschaftlich auseinanderzusetzen sowie mit ihrem Leben unter der sowjetischen Besatzung. Yones wertete eine nahezu unüberschaubare Anzahl von Quellen und Publikationen in deutscher, englischer, hebräischer, jiddischer, polnischer, ukrainischer und russischer Sprache aus. Es gibt bislang kaum Veröffentlichungen, in denen man ein vergleichbares Maß an Informationen über das vielfältige kulturelle Leben der galizischen Juden, über die zionistischen Bewegungen in der sowjetischen Besatzungszeit oder über die Organisationen jüdischer Jugend in Ostgalizien findet. Ebenso geben seine Analysen der Arbeitslager, des Lebens in den Ghettos und auch der Deportationen in das Vernichtungslager Belzec bislang ungekannte, durch ihren Detailreichtum erschütternde Einblicke in das Leben und Leiden der ostgalizischen Juden. Yones’ Buch verbindet erlebte mit erforschter Geschichte und leistet so einen Beitrag zur integrierten Geschichtsschreibung, die sowohl die Dokumente der Täter als auch der Opfer ernst nimmt, kritisch auswertet und zusammenführt.
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