This study shows the link between land use, landscape changes, and ecosystem services. Two pilot areas were investigated for how land use changes from 1824 to 2013 affect the provision of ecosystem ...services. It was found that low-intensity managed traditional land use is disappearing due to the intensification of agricultural production on the one hand, and the retreat of agriculture from unfavorable areas on the other hand. However, such traditional land use contributes to more diverse and more numerous ecosystem services and helps preserve the cultural landscape. Therefore, intensification and overgrowth should be restricted, and less intensive agriculture should be encouraged. The approach presented can be used as a support tool for decision-making in managing and governing landscapes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Landscape interpretation is one of the best-suited and established forms of informing and raising the awareness of visitors and local residents. The literature contains only rare examples of useful ...methodology that could help managers with the initial steps of interpretation. A methodological basis for landscape interpretation is presented, using the case of the Ljubljana Marsh. The form consisting of eight thematic categories is a useful tool for identifying suitable topics and selecting the right interpretation tools. Using this form, managers will reach their final interpretation goal more easily: to make people recognize the landscape and protect it against inappropriate changes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Interactions between plants and microorganisms can significantly affect plant health and productivity as well as ecosystem functioning. Detailed knowledge of the tripartite relationships between ...plants, fungi, and bacteria, and their environment is still limited. In the present study, the soils adjacent to three plant species (Cruciata laevipes, Mentha piperita, Equisetum arvense) in the Ljubljana Marsh and the bulk, plant-free soil were analyzed for their bacterial community structure in June and October 2006. The terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis indicated a different bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere and in bulk soil, however, with almost no seasonal changes between late spring and autumn samples and no apparent impact of the three plant species. In addition, root colonization of the three plant species by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) was microscopically assessed monthly from May until October 2006. A presumably accidental correlation between monthly precipitation and the degree of arbuscule formation, with the latter lagging 1 month, was noted for M. piperita, the most heavily colonized of the three plant species. With all three plants, the phosphorus content in roots correlated positively with most AMF structures. Microsclerotia of DSE were mainly abundant in autumn samples. Fungal diversity in roots was estimated using temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis separation of the fungal polymerase chain reaction products obtained for both 18S-rDNA and the 5.8S-ITS2-28S rDNA segments. No specific effects of either plant species or seasonal changes on mycorrhizal community structure were discernible.
The botanical composition of grasslands determines the agronomic and natural values of swards. Good grassland management usually improves herbage value, but on the other hand it frequently decreases ...the plant diversity and species richness in the swards. In 1999 a field trial in a split-plot design with four replicates was therefore established on the
Arrhenatherion
type of vegetation in Ljubljana marsh meadows in order to investigate this relationship. Cutting regimes (2 cuts — with normal and delayed first cut, 3 cuts and 4 cuts per year) were allocated to the main plots and fertiliser treatments (zero fertiliser — control, PK and NPK with 2 or 3 N rates) were allocated to the sub-plots. The results at the 1
st
cutting in the 5
th
trial year were as follows: Fertilising either with PK or NPK had no significant negative effect on plant diversity in any of the cutting regimes. In most treatments the plant number even increased slightly compared to the control. On average, 20 species were listed on both unfertilised and fertilised swards. At this low to moderate level of exploitation intensity, the increased number of cuts had no significant negative effect on plant diversity either (19 species at 2 cuts vs. 20 species at 3 or 4 cuts). PK fertilisation increased the proportion of legumes in the herbage in the case of 2 or 3 cuts. The proportion of grasses in the herbage increased in all the fertilisation treatments with an increased numbers of cuts. Fertiliser treatment considerably reduced the proportion of marsh horsetail (
Equisetum palustre
) in the herbage of the meadows. This effect was even more pronounced at higher cut numbers. The proportion of
Equisetum palustre
in the herbage was the highest in the unfertilised sward with 2 cuts (26.4 %) and the lowest in the NPK-fertilised sward with 4 cuts (1.4%).
A research in Ljubljana marsh was conducted from 2004 to 2006 with the aim to determine how the regime of cutting and fertiliser application over several years influences on the floristic composition ...of meadow sward. Field sampling plots in split-plot design with four replications were set up on two different types of grassland, one belonging to Arrhenatherion (sampling plot T1), the other to Molinion alliances (sampling plot T2) in 1999. The main plots represented the frequency of 4 cutting regimes (2 cuts with normal and delayed first one, 3 and 4 cuts per year) and sub-plots represented the fertiliser regime (no fertiliser, PK and NPK fertiliser with two different amounts of N). After five years, the cutting, and especially fertiliser application, significantly altered the floristic composition. In floristic composition of Arrhenatherion plot more frequent cutting in combination with higher amount of N fertilisation increased the proportion of grasses (92.7 % on a fresh matter basis). This was mostly observed in 2004. Legumes proportion (15.4 %) increased mainly on plots where PK fertiliser was used and a first cut was retarded. When N fertiliser was used on Molinion plot in all treatments with cutting herbs (forbs) increased their proportion up to 65 % in average. The proportion of legumes in sward of this plot was neglecteable that's way treatments did not have any special effect on them.
Natural disasters have been part of people’s lives throughout history. As a discipline that plans people’s dwellings and designs their living environment, architecture has managed to cope with ...natural disasters and their impacts relatively successfully over the millennia. Certain disasters can be expected throughout the world, and the safety measures connected with them are similar. Nonetheless, the geographical conditions linked to natural disasters most influence the architectural style of buildings and the entire urban landscape through various factors. This paper discusses the impact of specific disasters or threats on changes in the architectural style of buildings and settlements. Special emphasis is placed on dangers or disasters that threaten the buildings in the Ljubljana Marsh. This region has long been considered inappropriate for settlement. However, because it is close to Ljubljana, it has attracted settlement, despite demanding a special construction method. The Slovenian architect Jože Plečnik, who designed the Church of St. Michael in Črna Vas in the Ljubljana Marsh, also had to deal with these issues. An analysis of the church shows that Plečnik, who lived in the nearby suburb of Trnovo, was familiar with major threats to settlements in the Ljubljana Marsh and took them into account. Unfortunately, the economic situation did not allow him to protect this building from fire as well.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The article instigates a research about urban development of Ljubljana at the edge where it meets the marsh (Ljubljana Barje). Construction of the ring road’s Southern segment stopped the gradual ...passage of the city to the hinterland and left the Southern city entrance forgotten. Answers to questions concerning future development are presented on three levels. The first defines strategic starting points, which should lead urban development in the landscape park. Emphasis is placed on participation with other municipalities, the condition for balanced development. The second level deals with issues concerning function and content, leading to completion of the city’s Southern part. The concluding level presents a solution for a new urban leisure park, which is tied to initiatives for revaluating the marshy part of the municipality. All the proposals are subordinate to active transformation, which is based on long-term development scenarios with in-built protection and control mechanisms.
The paper discusses the environmental changes in the pile-dwelling period (5.7–3.2 ka) at the Ljubljansko barje (Slovenia) which were revealed during the study of settlement pattern and sedimentary ...analysis. The archaeological and radiocarbon data have demonstrated that the oldest pile-dwellings were located closer to the edge of the wetland, and the youngest were positioned closer to the central zone of the basin. The reason for the changes in the settlement pattern lies in the lake's gradual regression: The pile-dwellers at the Ljubljansko barje built their villages on the edge of the relatively deeper water zone as it regressed.
The sedimentary analyses have revealed basal shell-rich marls grading upward into clays with terrigenous input, suggesting a complex lacustrine environment evolving with time into a marshland. At the Resnikov prekop site, a depositional hiatus occurs from 7.4 to 2.2 ka, following which the basin filled with terrigenous sediment delivered by streams from the hilly surroundings. Across the Ljubljansko barje at Stare gmajne and Blatna Brezovica, presumably no depositional hiatus occurred, but the pile-dwellings were located in the marsh, not far from the edge of the deep water zone.
Both analyses clearly demonstrate the interdependence between the gradual regression of the lake and settlement pattern during the period of pile-dwellings. These results fail to support some alternative hypotheses that the sites on the southeastern edge lined the dry land formed by river banks feeding the barje.
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