Estimating dynamic localization economies: the inadvertent success of the specialization index and the location quotient. Regional Studies. After addressing definitional issues on the concepts of ...concentration and specialization, the paper reviews the justifications for and the interpretation of some indicators of localization economies used in the empirical literature on agglomeration economies: specialization indexes and location quotients. A simulation exercise shows under what conditions certain specifications lead to biased estimations of dynamic localization (Marshall-Arrow-Romer - MAR) externalities. The results suggest that applied researchers can choose between the size of the local industry, the specialization index and the location quotient to proxy for these externalities as far as they also encompass a correct proxy for the size of the local economy.
This paper investigates the economic aspects of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) techniques considered in the DINA-MAR (Depth Investigation of New Areas for Managed Aquifer Recharge in Spain) project. ...This project firstly identified the areas with potential for MAR for the whole of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands of Spain using characteristics derived from 23 GIS layers of physiographic features, spanning geology, topography, land use, water sources and including existing MAR sites. The work involved evaluations for 24 different types (techniques) of MAR projects, over this whole area accounting for the physiographic features that favor each technique. The scores for each feature for each type of technique were set based on practical considerations and scores were accumulated for each location. A weighting was assigned to each feature by "training" the integrated score for each technique across all the features with the existing MAR sites overlay, so that opportunities for each technique could be more reliably predicted. It was found that there were opportunities for MAR for 16% of the area evaluated and that the additional storage capacity of aquifers in these areas was more than 2.5 times the total storage capacity of all existing surface water dams in Spain. The second part of this work, which is considered internationally unique, was to use this GIS methodology to evaluate the economics of the various MAR techniques across the region. This involved determining an economic index related to key physiographic features and applying this as an additional GIS overlay. Again this was trained by use of economic information for each of the existing MAR sites for which economic data and supply or storage volume were available. Two simpler methods were also used for comparison. Finally, the mean costs of MAR facilities and construction projects were determined based on the origin of the water. Maps of potential sites for Managed Aquifer Recharge (or "MAR zones") in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands of Spain and the results of the previous economic studies developed at the beginning of the project were used as the foundation for the economic analysis. Based on these data, a new specific mapping of the total expected costs for all "MAR zones" (euro/m3) was proposed based on the techniques that were considered most appropriate for each Spanish study case. Capital costs ranged from Euro 0.08-0.58 per m3/year. Overall, this study investigates the opportunity and economic feasibility of implementing new MAR projects and provides support to decision makers in Spain. The novel mapping provides valuable guidance for the future development of Managed Aquifer Recharge projects for water managers and practitioners.
The relationship between European insider trading law and German stock corporation law has reached a preliminary climax with the jurisprudence of the CJEU in the "Geltl/Daimler" case. The question of ...when the obligation to disclose insider information applies to various group-affiliated issuers in the event of compliance violations has once again brought this relationship into prominent focus ever since the rise of the "emissions scandal" in the automotive industry. In this context, the paper examines the intersection between ad hoc disclosure obligations and compliance responsibilities. The investigation which is marked by the purpose of the Market Abuse Regulation, reveals the predominance of European law over national German law.
Metal artifacts from dental fillings and other devices degrade image quality and may compromise the detection and evaluation of lesions in the oral cavity and oropharynx by CT. The aim of this study ...was to evaluate the effect of iterative metal artifact reduction on CT of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
Data from 50 consecutive patients with metal artifacts from dental hardware were reconstructed with standard filtered back-projection, linear interpolation metal artifact reduction (LIMAR), and iterative metal artifact reduction. The image quality of sections that contained metal was analyzed for the severity of artifacts and diagnostic value.
A total of 455 sections (mean ± standard deviation, 9.1 ± 4.1 sections per patient) contained metal and were evaluated with each reconstruction method. Sections without metal were not affected by the algorithms and demonstrated image quality identical to each other. Of these sections, 38% were considered nondiagnostic with filtered back-projection, 31% with LIMAR, and only 7% with iterative metal artifact reduction. Thirty-three percent of the sections had poor image quality with filtered back-projection, 46% with LIMAR, and 10% with iterative metal artifact reduction. Thirteen percent of the sections with filtered back-projection, 17% with LIMAR, and 22% with iterative metal artifact reduction were of moderate image quality, 16% of the sections with filtered back-projection, 5% with LIMAR, and 30% with iterative metal artifact reduction were of good image quality, and 1% of the sections with LIMAR and 31% with iterative metal artifact reduction were of excellent image quality.
Iterative metal artifact reduction yields the highest image quality in comparison with filtered back-projection and linear interpolation metal artifact reduction in patients with metal hardware in the head and neck area.
This open access proceedings volume brings selected, peer-reviewed contributions presented at the Stochastic Transport in Upper Ocean Dynamics (STUOD) 2021 Workshop, held virtually and in person at ...the Imperial College London, UK, September 20–23, 2021. The STUOD project is supported by an ERC Synergy Grant, and led by Imperial College London, the National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automatic Control (INRIA) and the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER). The project aims to deliver new capabilities for assessing variability and uncertainty in upper ocean dynamics. It will provide decision makers a means of quantifying the effects of local patterns of sea level rise, heat uptake, carbon storage and change of oxygen content and pH in the ocean. Its multimodal monitoring will enhance the scientific understanding of marine debris transport, tracking of oil spills and accumulation of plastic in the sea. All topics of these proceedings are essential to the scientific foundations of oceanography which has a vital role in climate science. Studies convened in this volume focus on a range of fundamental areas, including: Observations at a high resolution of upper ocean properties such as temperature, salinity, topography, wind, waves and velocity; Large scale numerical simulations; Data-based stochastic equations for upper ocean dynamics that quantify simulation error; Stochastic data assimilation to reduce uncertainty. These fundamental subjects in modern science and technology are urgently required in order to meet the challenges of climate change faced today by human society. This proceedings volume represents a lasting legacy of crucial scientific expertise to help meet this ongoing challenge, for the benefit of academics and professionals in pure and applied mathematics, computational science, data analysis, data assimilation and oceanography.
O mundo do trabalho marítimo entre os séculos XVI e XIX foi marcado pela circulação espacial de grande número de pessoas. O longo afastamento da comunidade de origem e das instituições ali existentes ...teve implicações na construção de uma cultura marítima no Atlântico. Aqui serão analisados aspectos relacionados à religiosidade expressada a bordo e no âmbito das viagens de longo curso, onde destacaremos aspectos como, as cerimônias a bordo, a questão da devoção mariana e aos santos católicos e, um breve estudo de desvios e heterodoxias de marinheiros processados pelo Santo Ofício português
The study aims to analyze the tensile behavior and microstructural changes in MAR‐M247 nickel‐based superalloy across different temperatures. Tensile behavior is examined under a constant strain rate ...of 2.5 × 10−4 s−1 at varying temperatures. Results indicate a temperature‐dependent nature of the alloy's tensile properties. At 550 °C, a Portevin–Le Chatelier effect is observed, attributed to twinning nucleation and carbon atom diffusion. Dynamic recrystallization occurs at 950 °C, manifesting in a sinusoidal stress–strain curve. At room temperature, the primary fracture mechanism involves dislocation shearing in the γ matrix, with minor dislocation shearing in the γ′ phase. At 550 °C, carbides along grain boundaries and the γ′ phase impede dislocation motion. Concurrently, dislocations shear the γ′ phase, leading to the formation of superlattice intrinsic stacking faults and Kear–Wilsdorf locks, thereby enhancing tensile strength. However, at 950 °C, dislocation motion primarily involves climb, carbides decompose, the γ′ phase softens and enlarges, resulting in a notable decrease in tensile strength.
The study aims to analyze the tensile behavior and microstructural changes in MAR‐M247 nickel‐based superalloy across different temperatures. Results indicate a temperature‐dependent nature of the alloy's tensile properties. At 550 °C, a Portevin–Le Chatelier effect is observed, attributed to twinning nucleation and carbon atom diffusion. Dynamic recrystallization occurs at 950 °C, manifesting in a sinusoidal stress–strain curve.
This pioneering study uses an early seventh-century Christian martyr legend to elucidate the culture and society of late antique Iraq. Translated from Syriac into English here for the first time, the ...legend of Mar Qardagh introduces a hero of epic proportions whose characteristics confound simple classification. During the several stages of his career, Mar Qardagh hunts like a Persian King, argues like a Greek philosopher, and renounces his Zoroastrian family to live with monks high in the mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan. Drawing on both literary and artistic sources, Joel Walker explores the convergence of these diverse themes in the Christian culture of the Sasanian Empire (224-642). Taking the Qardagh legend as its foundation, his study guides readers through the rich and complex world of late antique Iraq.
•Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) enhances aquifers replenishment and water resilience.•Existing MAR tech suits flat terrains but faces several unknowns and limitations.•Exploring new MAR methods ...viability is crucial for sustainable groundwater future.•Hillslope, mountain front, and road MAR offer fast recharge and better water quality.•Expanding MAR to hillslope and road needs modifying landscape and extensive research.
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a promising approach to enhance water supply resilience, but it faces significant challenges, such as limited space and time for recharge activities, as well as uncertain bio-geophysical processes, and complex subsurface flow and heterogeneity. In this review, we assess the viability of hydrology-based approaches to enhance groundwater replenishment and identify missing components in existing groundwater recovery activities. We discuss expanding recharge opportunities to under-utilized sources and locations such as hillslopes and mountain systems. Additionally, we explore the possibilities of using existing road infrastructure to capture runoff and convey it to secondary porosity (alluvial fans, faults and fractures) in the mountain fronts. Conventional MAR approaches are usually implemented on valley floors where restrictive clay layers can impede recharge to deep aquifers, and the presence of legacy contaminants in the root or vadose zones can degrade water quality. Hillslope and mountain recharge strategies offer multiple potential benefits over valley floors when there is improved connectivity and faster recharge to deep aquifers, shallower vadose zones, coarser textured deposits, and better surface water quality. Studies show that hillslope recharge accounts for 15–50% of the recharge to valley floors. To further facilitate the effective expansion of groundwater recharge, we propose landscape modifications encompassing slope correction and implementing biological and structural techniques to repurpose roadside channel systems to slow down and/or store flow in hillslopes. These systems can facilitate groundwater recharge and ultimately contribute to sustainable groundwater management. Innovative scientific analyses can help us understand the impacts of MAR on water quality and quantity, uncover the limitations and strengths of recharge in specific locations, and identify the most effective systems. Addressing these gaps will help us achieve a more resilient and sustainable groundwater future.
Are authors aware when they have cited a retracted paper in their manuscripts in the medically assisted reproduction (MAR) field?
A cross-sectional study based on an online survey was conducted to ...acquire information on the citation pattern from corresponding authors who had cited a retracted article. A dataset of retracted articles in the MAR field was collected from PubMed and Retraction Watch. A complete list of published articles that cited each retracted article was retrieved. The survey was distributed via e-mail to corresponding authors who had cited a retracted paper in their study.
The survey revealed a significant lack of awareness among authors, with 78.7% unaware that they had cited retracted articles. This lack of awareness was attributed to insufficient notification mechanisms within research databases and journals, alongside a reliance on previously stored copies of manuscripts. A notable finding was that reference checks were typically performed by a single author, with no instances of retraction concerns raised during the peer-review process. Only a small fraction (17.8%) of respondents reported verifying retraction notices on both journal websites and scientific databases.
Correcting publications that contain references which are subsequently retracted is significant for systematic reviews, meta-analyses and guidelines. Citations of retracted articles perpetuate erroneous scientific data, but assessing the accuracy of citations requires considerable effort. Proper notification of retraction status and cross-checking of citations can help to prevent errors.
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