This collection is the most comprehensive account of the Fundamental Law and its underlying principles. The objective is to analyze this constitutional transition from the perspectives of comparative ...constitutional law, legal theory and political philosophy. The authors outline and analyze how the current constitutional changes are altering the basic structure of the Hungarian State. The key concepts of the theoretical inquiry are sociological and normative legitimacy, majoritarian and partnership approach to democracy, procedural and substantive elements of constitutionalism. Changes are also examined in the field of human rights, focusing on the principles of equality, dignity, and civil liberties.
Zaradi velike koncentracije ljudi, podjetij, trgovine in borznih trgov so mesta najpomembnejša središča gospodarskih dejavnosti po svetu. Zaradi hitro spreminjajočih se razmer, ki so posledica ...dejavnikov, kot so globalizacija, industrija 4.0, umetna inteligenca, pandemije in rusko-ukrajinska vojna, se mesta danes spopadajo z novim izzivi, za katere so potrebne inovativne in pametne rešitve za ohranjanje trajnostnosti in konkurenčnosti. Avtorja sta v članku analizirala uspešnost madžarskih mest z županijskimi pravicami z vidika pametnega razvoja, pri čemer sta se osredotočila zlasti na okoljsko in gospodarsko trajnostnost. Domnevala sta, da so gospodarsko razvitejša mesta (z vidika dohodka na prebivalca) zaradi razpoložljivih finančnih in kadrovskih virov po navadi bolj trajnostna, ni pa nujno, da so med njimi tudi največja mesta po številu prebivalcev (zaradi ekonomije obsega, manjše privlačnosti za bivanje in drugih razlogov). Analizirala sta tri od sedemnajstih ciljev trajnostnega razvoja, ki jih je opredelila Organizacija združenih narodov (OZN), pri tem pa sta uporabila kazalnike madžarskega centralnega statističnega urada in OZN ter jih prilagodila značilnostim madžarskega urbanega omrežja. Z normalizacijo minmax in izračunom povprečnih vrednosti sta oblikovala sestavljeni indeks ciljev trajnostnega razvoja. Mesta sta razvrstila v pet skupin, ki so se razlikovale predvsem po stopnji razvojne dinamike in privlačnosti mest za bivanje. Skupine, ki sta jih določila, izražajo prostorske značilnosti madžarskega urbanega omrežja, najbolj trajnostna pa so dinamična mesta na zahodu in severozahodu države.
In this magisterial and pathbreaking work, Csaba Bekes shares decades of his research to provide a sweeping examination of Hungary's international relations with both the Soviet Bloc and the West ...from the end of World War II to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Unlike many studies of the global Cold War that focus on East-West relationships-often from the vantage point of the West-Bekes grounds his work in the East, drawing on little-used, non-English sources. As such, he offers a new and sweeping Cold War narrative using Hungary as a case study, demonstrating that the East-Central European states have played a much more important role in shaping both the Soviet bloc's overall policy and the East-West relationship than previously assumed. Similarly, he shows how the relationship between Moscow and its allies, as well as among the bloc countries, was much more complex than it appeared to most observers in the East and the West alike.
This book is the first monographic attempt to follow the environmental changes that took place in the frontier zone of the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in the sixteenth and seventeenth ...centuries. On the one hand, it looks at how the Ottoman–Hungarian wars affected the landscapes of the Carpathian Basin – specifically, the frontier zone. On the other hand, it examines how the environment was used in the military tactics of the opposing realms. By taking into consideration both perspectives, this book intends to pursue the dynamic interplay between war, environment, and local society in the early modern period.
The seven essays in this volume focus such previously unexplored
subjects as the world's first cookbook printed in Hebrew letters,
published in 1854, and a wonderful 19th-century Jewish cookbook,
...which in addition to its Hungarian edition was also published in
Dutch in Rotterdam. The author entertainingly reconstructs the
history of bólesz, a legendary yeast pastry that was the specialty
of a famous, but long defunct Jewish coffeehouse in Pest, and
includes the modernized recipe of this distant relative of cinnamon
rolls. Koerner also tells the history of the first Jewish bookstore
in Hungary (founded as early as in 1765!) and examines the
influence of Jewish cuisine on non-Jewish food.
In this volume András Koerner explores key issues of Hungarian
Jewish culinary culture in greater detail and more scholarly manner
than what space restrictions permitted in his previous work
Jewish Cuisine in Hungary: A Cultural History, also
published by CEU Press, which received the prestigious National
Jewish Book Award in 2020. The current essays confirm the extent to
which Hungarian Jewry was part of the Jewish life and culture of
the Central European region before their almost total language
shift by the turn of the 20th century.
“Victim of history," “a martyr from behind the Iron Curtain," “the Hungarian Gandhi" – these are just some of the epithets which people used to describe Cardinal Mindszenty, archbishop of Esztergom, ...who was the last Hungarian prelate to use the title of prince primate. Today, Mindszenty has been forgotten in most countries except for Hungary, but when he died in 1975, he was known all over the world as a symbol of the struggle of the Catholic Church against communism. Cardinal Mindszenty held the post of archbishop of Esztergom from 1945 until 1974, but during this period of almost three decades he served barely four years in office. The political police arrested him on December 26, 1948, and the Budapest People’s Court subsequently sentenced him to life imprisonment. Based on the Stalinist practice of show trials, one of the accusations against Mindszenty, referring to his legitimist leanings, was his alleged attempt to re-establish Habsburg rule in Hungary. He regained freedom during the 1956 revolution but only for a few days. He was granted refuge by the US Embassy in Budapest between November 4, 1956 –September 28, 1971. In the fifteen years he spent at the American embassy enormous changes took place in the world while his personality remained frozen into the past. When in 1971 Pope Paul VI received the Hungarian foreign minister, he called Mindszenty “the victim of history". His last years were spent free at last, but far away from his homeland. In Hungary, the Catholic believers eagerly await his beatification.
The history of the Second Vatican Council and the history of the policy of openness towards the East-Central European Communist countries, that is, the so called Vatican “Ostpolitik,” were looked at ...until now as two separate topics of research. The virtue of András Fejérdy’s work is to demonstrate, at the end of a thorough-going study through various available archives (first of all of the party and state, but also ecclesiastical ones), that it is not like that, but in reality the two topics are closely linked. Analyzing the history of the Hungarian presence at Vatican II in the context of the Hungarian Church policy and the evolution of the relations between the Holy See and Hungary, the book reveals that in consequence of the interests of the Holy See and the Hungarian party-state related to the Council—from the perspective of Hungary—Vatican II was not primarily an ecclesial event, but it remained closely joined to the negotiations between the Holy See and Hungary. During the Council, Hungary became the experimental laboratory of the Vatican’s new eastern policy.
The Holocaust in Hungary represented a unique chapter in the singular history of the Final Solution of the “Jewish question” in Europe. In the fifth year of the Second World War Hungary still had a ...Jewish population of approximately 800,000.Although this large and relatively intact Jewish community was deprived of its basic rights as citizens, had suffered close to 62,000 casualties, had been confronted with the hardships of discrimination, and had endured the vicissitudes of a military-related labor service system, it continued to enjoy relative physical safety under the aristocratic-conservative regime of Hungary until the German occupation on March 19, 1944. How was all this possible? And if all this was possible until March 1944, why could it not continue for a few more months? Was it really inevitable that hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews would, within a few months, become victims of the gas chambers of Auschwitz? Could the Holocaust in Hungary have been averted and who were responsible for the violent deaths of over a half a million Hungarian Jews in the ghettos, on the deportation trains, in the extermination and concentration camps, during the death marches, and the mass shootings into the Danube? Starting from these difficult questions, the present volume offers readers the most recent scholarship on the history and memory of the Holocaust in Hungary.
This book documents the physical aspects of the lives of Hungarian Jews in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: the way they looked, the kind of neighborhoods and apartments they lived in, and the ...places where they worked. The many historical photographs—there is at least one picture per page—and related text offers a virtual cross section of Hungarian society, a diverse group of the poor, the middle-class, and the wealthy. Regardless of whether they lived integrated within the majority society or in separate communities, whether they were assimilated Jews or Hasidim, they were an important and integral part of the nation. We have surprisingly few detailed accounts of their lifestyles—the world knows more about the circumstances of their deaths than about the way they lived. Much like piecing together an ancient sculpture from tiny shards found in an excavation, Koerner tries to reconstruct the many diverse lifestyles using fragmentary information and surviving photos.
Protected Children, Regulated Mothers examines child protection in Stalinist Hungary as a part of twentieth-century (East Central, Eastern, and Southeastern) European history. Across the communist ...bloc, the increase of residential homes was preferred to the prewar system of foster care. The study challenges the transformation of state care into a tool of totalitarian power. Rather than political repression, educators mostly faced an arsenal of problems related to social and economic transformations following the end of World War II. They continued rather than cut with earlier models of reform and reformatory education. The author’s original research based on hundreds of children’s case files and interviews with institution leaders, teachers, and people formerly in state care demonstrates that child protection was not only to influence the behavior of children but also to regulate especially lone mothers’ entrance to paid work and their sexuality. Children’s homes both reinforced and changed existing patterns of the gendered division of work.
A major finding of the book is that child protection had a centuries-long common history with the “solution to the Gypsy question” rooted in efforts towards the erasure of the perceived work-shyness of “Gypsies.”
