Treatment of psoroptic mange in rabbits Chellapandian, M; Balachandran, S., Veterinary University Training and Research Centre, Ramayanpatti (India)
Indian veterinary journal,
APR 2005)., Letnik:
82, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The study revealed that a single subcutaneous injection of lvermectin at 0.4 mg/kg body weight with or without Benzyl benzoate as topical application could successfully eliminate and control ...psoroptic mange in rabbits.
Skin sites, tongue, lung, liver, jejunum and rectum from two raccoon dogs with
Sarcoptes scabiei infestation and five normal (control) raccoon dogs were examined in terms of the distribution, ...proteoglycan properties and protease activity of mast cells. Infestation with
S. scabiei caused a significant increase in the number of dermal mast cells. While the number of mast cells (average±standard deviation) in specimens of skin from the dorsum, dorsal neck, dorsal hind foot and dorsal fore foot was 40.0±19.8/mm
2 in control animals, it was 236.1±58.9/mm
2 in the skin of mange-infested animals. Histochemical analysis revealed the glycosaminoglycan, heparin, within the mast cells of all organs examined in both control and affected animals. Enzyme-histochemical detection of serine proteases demonstrated an increase in mast-cell-specific protease activity (i.e., chymase and tryptase) in the skin of infested animals. The percentage of mast cells demonstrating chymase activity was 53.0±27.4% in control animals and 73.8±19.4% in mite-infested animals. The corresponding results for tryptase activity were 53.5±25.2% and 89.4±9.8%. Increases in mast cell chymase or tryptase activity, or both, were also observed within other organs of the infected animals, but the total number of mast cells found at such sites (with the exception of liver and ventrolateral pinna) did not differ from those of control animals.
Soluble and membrane-bound aminopeptidase activities were demonstrated in extracts of
P. cuniculi (Delafond). Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in the soluble fraction of
P. cuniculi extracts ...displayed substrate preference for amino acid derivatives with terminal leucine and methionine over those with acidic, basic or heterocyclic groups.
P. cuniculi LAP was inhibited by leucinethiol (IC
50 = 1.4 ± 0.4 nM), bestatin (IC
50 = 3.9 ± 1.7 μM), Arphamenine A (IC
50 = 0.37 ± 0.03 mM) the chelating agent 1,10-phenanthroline (IC
50 = 2.3 ± 0.5 mM), Zn
2+, Cu
2+ Ni
2+, and Co
2+, and activated by Mn
2+ and Mg
2+. The LAP activity was visualised as a single major band after electrophoresis on native gels and eluted from a size exclusion column as a single major peak representing a molecular mass range of 85–116 kDa.
Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify short fragments of genomic DNA containing nucleotide sequence coding for the cation-binding motifs of the co-catalytic Zn
2+ binding domains of dizinc leucine aminopeptidases in both
P. cuniculi and
P.ovis (Hering). The major soluble aminopeptidase from these mites therefore displays most of the characteristics associated with typical cytosolic leucine aminopeptidases belonging to the M17 family of metalloproteinases.
An Enzyme-linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies to
Sarcoptes scabiei. This ‘Animal Health Service’-ELISA (AHS-ELISA) was compared with a commercial test ...(Checkit® Sarcoptest) using experimental and field sera. The experimental study was a contact infestation experiment. Eighty piglets were randomly divided between the experimental and control group. After introduction of three
Sarcoptes scabiei var.
suis infested pigs in the experimental group, both groups were monitored by determining scratching indices, taking ear scrapings and blood samples in Weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16. Four pigs in the control group were immunised with either
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) antigens (
n=2), or
Acarus siro (As) antigens (
n=2).
In the control group all (non-immunised) pigs were negative in all tests. In the experimental group only slightly elevated scratching indices were observed, with a maximum in Week 8. After 2 weeks for the first time an ear scraping was positive (2.5%). In Week 8 the highest number of positive ear scrapings were found (25.0%). Positive results in the Sarcoptest were first obtained in Week 12 (10.5% positive), while eventually 29.0% of the finishing pigs were positive after 16 weeks. The AHS-ELISA first detected a serological response after 6 weeks (5.0% positives), increasing until after 16 weeks a large proportion (74.2%) of the finishing pigs were seropositive, making the AHS-ELISA the most sensitive test.
In the AHS-ELISA one As-immunised pig remained seronegative, but the other hyper-immunised pigs crossreacted. In the Sarcoptest, only Dp-immunised pigs had elevated Optical Densities (OD’s) albeit below the cut-off level. Although hyper-immunisation is not a representation of field conditions, it cannot be excluded that the AHS-ELISA is not 100% specific.
Field samples were taken from 20 sows in 30 herds, classified as mange-free, suspect, or infested. On a herd level there was high agreement among the ELISAs. Both serological tests were suitable to distinguish mange-free herds from infested herds.
In one infested herd the decline of maternal antibody in piglets was studied by sampling 40 piglets from 20 different litters. The lowest average OD using the AHS-ELISA was found at 5 weeks of age, followed by a significant increase at 7 weeks. The average OD with the Sarcoptest was at a minimum level at 3 weeks, but no increase was found later.
For screening of herds, interference of maternal antibodies is avoided by sampling at an age of 7 weeks or older.
In an experiment to determine the therapeutic efficacy of an ivermectin intraruminal controlled-release (CR) bolus, 14 mixed breed sheep of one lot were infested with
Psoroptes ovis and subsequently ...divided into two groups of seven. In one of these groups each sheep received one ivermectin CR bolus appropriate to its weight, the other group remained as an untreated control. All mites were eliminated from the group receiving the bolus while the control group remained infested, the disease progressed, and all but one sheep required treatment for psoroptic mange before the end of the experimental period. A second lot of 14 sheep, free from
P. ovis, were divided equally into two groups to determine the prophylactic efficacy of the ivermectin CR bolus. In one group, each sheep was given an ivermectin CR bolus according to body weight and the sheep in the other group received no medication and served as untreated controls. Twenty-one days later two sheep infested with psoroptic mange were introduced into each of the groups. These donor sheep were removed 10 days later. The group treated with the ivermectin CR bolus remained mange-free and did not harbour any mites. All of the sheep in the control group developed psoroptic mange and required treatment to control the infestation at the end of the experimental period. Sheep that received the ivermectin CR bolus had greater mean weight gains than the control groups in these experiments. The ivermectin CR bolus releases a minimum dose of 20
μg ivermectin kg/day for 100 days: this prolonged activity should prove a valuable asset for the treatment and control of psoroptic mange in sheep.
Sarcoptic Mange in Raccoons in Michigan Fitzgerald, Scott D.; Cooley, Thomas M.; Murphy, Alice ...
Journal of wildlife diseases,
04/2004, Letnik:
40, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Sarcoptic mange is a cause of pruritic skin disease in domestic dogs and a wide range of wildlife species. We describe sarcoptic mange in free-ranging raccoons (Procyon lotor). Three adult raccoons ...from upper Wayne County, Michigan (USA), were captured, killed, and submitted for diagnostic evaluation. The animals were intensely pruritic, and two had advanced alopecic and crusting lesions over their dorsum and hind limbs. Skin scrapings and skin biopsies revealed crusting and hyperkeratotic dermatitis with high numbers of Sarcoptes scabiei adults, larvae, nymphs, and eggs. These raccoons were not otherwise debilitated, with minimal internal parasites, good body condition, and no evidence of infectious bacterial or viral diseases. Because sarcoptic mange is highly contagious and affects many species, including humans, transiently, it is important that wildlife biologists and rehabilitators include sarcoptic mange in their differential list for raccoons exhibiting pruritus and alopecia.
The bacterium Serratia marcescens isolated from surface-sterilised Psoroptes cuniculi was found sensitive to the antibiotic Amikacin. Mites placed in this antibiotic for 48-72 h and then washed by ...centrifugation were found to be alive and S. marcescens-free. Two experimental infestations were undertaken in order to verify the ability of the S. marcescens-free mites to infect and to give ear skin lesions in healthy rabbits and to evaluate the differential ability of the S. marcescens-free and S. marcescens-infected mites to give ear skin lesions. All rabbits were found to be infested, but only rabbits infested with S. marcescens-free mites presented crusts in their ears, whereas mites and/or eggs were only detected in the ear cerumen of all rabbits infested with S. marcescens-infected mites. S. marcescens was isolated only from P. cuniculi mites taken from these latter rabbits. Results indicate that P. cuniculi mites do not need S. marcescens to live and to be able to infest a healthy rabbit. In addition, S. marcescens was not isolated from eggs and newly born larvae of S. marcescens-infected P. cuniculi, demonstrating that in a population of P. cuniculi this bacterium is not transmitted transovarially.
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