La laïcité à Mayotte. Un cas d’école Bréant, Hugo
Cahiers de la recherche sur l'éducation et les savoirs,
07/2022, Letnik:
21, Številka:
21
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The territory of Mayotte was early excluded from the application of the law of separation of Church and State in 1905. A century later, the law prohibiting the wearing of religious signs in public ...schools thus became the cornerstone of a secular policy in the 101st French department. This article aims to understand the implementation of this model of a public and secular school in a department where the majority of students are Muslim and attend the Koranic school in parallel. The legislative debates highlighted the specificities of the context of Mayotte and established a clear demarcation between a problematic religious veil and a tolerated cultural veil. An analysis of pedagogical and disciplinary practices, carried out by directors in their school and by teachers in their classrooms, demonstrates the fluidity of this border. The management of secularism in action is marked by constant accommodation.
•Lavas erupted offshore Mayotte since May 2018 are evolved basanites (∼5 wt% MgO).•The eruption is fed by a deep (>37 km) mantle reservoir.•Primitive magma has undergone at least 50% of ...crystallization in a ≥10 km3 mantle reservoir.•Magma transfer rate shows that the eruption is steadily supplied from the deep mantle reservoir.•After May 2019, ascending magma intersected a more evolved and shallower magma reservoir.
Deep-sea submarine eruptions are the least known type of volcanic activity, due to the difficulty of detecting, monitoring, and sampling them. Following an intense seismic crisis in May 2018, a large submarine effusive eruption offshore the island of Mayotte (Indian Ocean) has extruded at least 6.5 km3 of magma to date, making it the largest monitored submarine eruption as well as the largest effusive eruption on Earth since Iceland's 1783 Laki eruption. This volcano is located along a WNW-ESE volcanic ridge, extending from the island of Petite Terre (east side of Mayotte) to about 3,500 m of water depth. We present a detailed petrological and geochemical description of the erupted lavas sampled by the MAYOBS 1, 2, and 4 cruises between May and July 2019 and use these to infer characteristics and changes through time for the whole magmatic system and its dynamics from the source to the surface. These cruises provide an exceptional time-series of bathymetric, textural, petrological, and geochemical data for the 2018-2019 eruptive period, and hence bring an invaluable opportunity to better constrain the evolution of magma storage and transfer processes during a long-lived submarine eruption. Integrating the petrological signatures of dredged lavas with geophysical data, we show that the crystal-poor and gas-rich evolved basanitic magma was stored at mantle depth (>37 km) in a large (≥10 km3) reservoir and that the eruption was tectonically triggered. As the eruption proceeded, a decrease in ascent rate and/or a pathway change resulted in the incorporation of preexisting differentiated magma stored at a shallower level. Magma transfer from the deep mantle reservoir is syn-eruptive, as indicated by transfer times estimated from diffusion in zoned olivine crystals that are much shorter than the total eruption duration. Our petrological model has important hazard implications concerning the rapid and stealthy awakening of a deep gas-rich magma reservoirs that can produce unusually high output rates and long-lived eruption. Sudden tapping of large crystal poor reservoirs may be the trigger mechanism for other rarely witnessed high-volume (>1 km3) effusive events.
In 2021, the French government launched a five-year national action plan aimed at fighting the decline in pollinator insect populations. The application of this plan to Mayotte (Indian Ocean) ...presents a real chance to enhance scientific knowledge of these living creatures and the connections that humans have with them. This part of the world has not conducted any research on this topic yet. The Q methodology is used to determine our results, which are based on a preference ranking of thirty-nine photos that illustrate five themes related to pollinating insects. The sorting conducted by respondents (n = 29) identified four profiles that integrate ecological, economic, and cultural considerations to varying degrees. The profile that emphasizes ecology is probably only applicable to a small part of Mayotte's population since it has been developed by respondents with higher education qualifications. In other profiles, pollinating insects are ignored, otherwise dreaded or hated. The honey bee is a special species, not only because it provides people with honey, a natural product whose medicinal properties are recognised locally, but also because a verse in the Koran is dedicated to it. With 95% of the population declaring themselves to be Muslim, religion probably contributes to the value of honey bees.
The 2nd french Marine Protected Area was officially created in Mayotte in January 2010, thanks both to a swift procedure and to a strong determined policy. It clearly shows the will of France to ...manage a broad area in south-west of the Indian Ocean even if its means of action are still to settle. Beyond environemental protection, the park is seen as a useful tool for an island still considered as emergent. From fishing to tourism, many activities hope to take advantage from the dynamic set in motion.
In a global context of climate change, Mayotte, an insular territory in the Indian Ocean and a recent French overseas department and region (DROM), sees its population highly exposed to multiple ...natural risks. However, the territory has to face up to a number of challenges while responding to emergencies. The territory's natural risks management policy is based on national and European frameworks, but the risk culture is being built up locally. Despite past significant meteorological events, high migratory flows and a context radically different from that of the French mainland, the memory of the inhabitants can prove to be an asset that can be mobilized to anchor a localized risk culture adapted to today's challenges.
Mangroves develop under environmental conditions and anthropogenic pressures whose impact on benthic meiofauna remains poorly understood. It is unclear how meiofauna communities are structured ...according to local sedimentary conditions. This study was designed to characterize the community structure of meiofauna and nematodes (dominant taxa) and the associated environmental forcings in intertidal mangrove sediments from Mayotte (Indo-West-Pacific), Martinique and Guadeloupe (Caribbean). Sediment cores were sampled at the end of the dry season at low tide on adult mangrove stands with similar immersion time. In each sediment layer, we analyzed redox potential, pH, porewater salinity, grain size, organic matter, metals, organic contaminants, prokaryotes and meiofauna. Our results show that sediments far from cities and agricultural fields trapped site-specific contaminants due to local water transport processes. Some metals, PAHs or pesticides exceeded toxicity thresholds in most of the studied stations, thus being harmful to benthic fauna. The sedimentary environment acts as a filter selecting specific meiofauna communities at station scale only in the Caribbean. In Mayotte, horizontal homogeneity contrasts with vertical heterogeneity of the sedimentary environment and the meiofauna. Nematode genera showed particular distribution patterns horizontally and vertically, suggesting the presence of sediment patches suitable for a restricted pool of genera on each island. Results in the Caribbean are consistent with nested diversity patterns due to environmental filtering. Conversely, horizontal homogeneity at Mayotte would reflect greater dispersal between stations or more spatially homogeneous anthropogenic pressures. The nematode genera present at depth may not be the most specialized, but the most versatile, capable of thriving in different conditions. Terschellingia and Daptonema showed contrasted responses to environmental forcing, likely due to their versatility, while Desmodora showed uniform responses between study areas, except when toxicity thresholds were exceeded. Our results emphasize that a given genus of nematode may respond differently to sedimentary conditions depending on sites.
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•Metals, PCBs, PAHs or pesticides exceed toxicity thresholds on each island.•Meiofauna and nematode density significantly decreased over depth.•The nematode community is structured at the scale of the station in all islands.•Nematode communities form local patches with highly different genus composition.•Site-specific variability of nematode response to multiple stressors
À Mayotte, de nombreux mineurs en âge d’être scolarisés ne le sont pas. L’ineffectivité de ce droit fondamental concerne essentiellement des enfants d’origine comorienne dont nous retraçons les ...trajectoires migratoires et familiales à l’échelle de l’archipel. À partir d’enquêtes ethnographiques réalisées depuis 2015 à Mayotte, nous constatons que le problème de la non-scolarisation interroge plus largement la précarisation du statut et des droits des mineurs « étrangers » dans une société où les rapports d’altérité sont au cœur des enjeux politiques, sociaux, identitaires. Leur relégation à la marge appelle un examen du contexte dans lequel elle s’inscrit, révélant des exclusions en chaîne qu’ils expérimentent comme autant de violences individuelles et collectives.
Submarine volcanic activity releases large amounts of gases and metals in the water column, affecting biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems at a regional and local scale. In 2018, Fani Maoré submarine ...volcano erupted 50 km offshore Mayotte Island (Comoros Archipelago, Indian Ocean). Active eruptive plumes were observed in May 2019 at and around the summit with acoustic plumes rising 2 km into the water column coupled to strong geochemical anomalies. Between May 2019 and October 2020, three research cruises monitored the eruptive activity. Here, we report spatial and temporal variability of water column chemistry above the volcano, focusing on dissolved gases, trace metal concentrations, and physico-chemical parameters. In May 2019, concentrations above 800 nM in CH4 and H2 were measured throughout the water column, with Total Dissolvable Mn and Total Dissolvable Fe concentrations above 500 nM, and CO2 values of 265 μM. Strong water column acidification was measured (0.6 pH unit) compared to the regional background. From May 2019 to October 2020, we observed a general decrease in gas concentrations, and an evolution of the TDMn/TDFe ratios similar to previously reported values in other submarine volcanic contexts, and consistent with a decrease of the eruptive activity at the volcano. In October 2020, a rebound of high H2 concentrations resulted from new lava flows, which were identified by seafloor observation using deep-towed camera, 5 km further than the volcano summit. During 2 years timespan of our observations (2019–2020), He, CO2 and CH4 concentrations correlate highlighting a magmatic origin of dissolved gases. δ13C-CH4 values of −34‰ vs. vPDB might suggest magma/sediments interaction during the magma ascent, and potential thermal cracking of organic matter, although abiotic methane generation cannot be ruled out given the volcanic context. Weak correlations between H2 and excess of 3He suggest complex processes of H2 from magmatic degassing, lava/seawater interaction, and oxidation processes in the water column. Strong and correlated Fe, Mn and Si water column anomalies are also consistent with fluid-rock reactions induced by acidic fluids rich in magmatic volatiles. Water column acidification appears to be associated with the release of CO2-rich fluids. A year after the main eruptive event, the system seems to be back to steady-state highlighting the buffer capacity and resilience of the seawater column environment.
•Massive gases released in the water column during the eruption.•Emitted gases respond in an uncoupled way due to original settings of the volcano.•Strong water column acidification due to the release of CO2-rich fluids.•Water column enrichments in iron and manganese by fluid-rock interactions.•Helium isotope signatures show evidence of a change in the magma path.
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