•Large-scale study of Ostreopsis spp. bloom magnitude according to different macro- and meso‑habitat features across the Mediterranean basin.•Large scale application of the Benthic Dinoflagellates ...Integrator (BEDI), a new non-destructive quantification method for benthic dinoflagellate abundances.•BEDI can be considered a good proxy for estimating Ostreopsis cells stock in different environmental settings, accounting for the whole potential exposure for both marine organisms and human beings.•The study has also confirms that the loss of high complexity communities, i.e., macroalgal forests, may increase the risk of Ostreopsis blooms, enforcing the need to protect these essential ecosystems.
Ostreopsis spp. blooms have been occurring in the last two decades in the Mediterranean Sea in association with a variety of biotic and abiotic substrata (macroalgae, seagrasses, benthic invertebrates, sand, pebbles and rocks). Cells proliferate attached to the surfaces through mucilaginous trichocysts, which lump together microalgal cells, and can also be found in the plankton and on floating aggregates: such tychoplanktonic behavior makes the quantitative assessment of blooms more difficult than planktonic or benthic ones. Different techniques have been so far applied for quantifying cell abundances of benthic microalgae for research, monitoring and risk assessment purposes. In this context, the Benthic Dinoflagellates Integrator (BEDI), a non-destructive quantification method for benthic dinoflagellate abundances, was developed and tested within the EU ENPI-CBCMED project M3-HABs. This device allows mechanical detachment of cells without collecting the benthic substrate, providing an integrated assessment of both epiphytic and planktonic cells, i.e. of the number of cells potentially made available in the water volume from “resuspension” which could have harmful effects on other organisms (including humans).
The present study confirms the effectiveness of the BEDI sampling device across different environments across the Mediterranean Sea and constitutes the first large-scale study of Ostreopsis spp. blooms magnitude in function of different macro- and meso‑habitat features across the basin.
Accurate age estimates for fish are critical for properly understanding stock dynamics and health; this is particularly true for larger billfishes. Here we determined the most accurate aging ...estimation methods for swordfish (Xiphias gladius). We compared age estimates obtained from fin‐ray sections, otolith sections, whole otoliths, and vertebrae collected from 87 swordfish off the east coast of Corsica. Age estimates from otolith sections were most consistently estimated across different readers (lowest average percentage error), followed by fin‐ray sections, third vertebrae, and whole otoliths. When the age estimates from the otolith sections were compared with the other three age sclerochronological methods, we found the average percentage error to be lowest between the otolith section and fin‐ray methods. However, age estimates from fin rays proved most useful for estimating swordfish younger than 6 years, as the fin ray‐based age diverged from that of the otolith sections as the swordfish aged. Combining fin ray and otolith section techniques, we estimated the growth parameters of 1–12‐year‐old females (L∞ = 259.412, k = 0.113, t0 = −2.499) and 1–7‐year‐old males (L∞ = 175.543, k = 0.202, t0 = −2.239). We found that females grew significantly faster than males after 3 years and remained larger thereafter. Our calculated growth rates for this region of the north‐western Mediterranean Sea were lower than those of the Atlantic, Pacific, and eastern Mediterranean Sea swordfish populations, and similar to growth rates recorded for the western Mediterranean Sea populations. Our study provides critical knowledge on biological‐related parameters to serve as a guide for preserving the swordfish population in the Mediterranean Sea.
Despite the recognized important ecological role that cetaceans play in the marine environment, their protection is still scarcely enforced in the Mediterranean Sea even though this area is strongly ...threatened by local human pressures and climate change. The piecemeal of knowledge related to cetaceans' ecology and distribution in the basin undermines the capacity of addressing cetaceans' protection and identifying effective conservation strategies. In this study, an Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Planning (EB-MSP) approach is applied to assess human pressures on cetaceans and guide the designation of a conservation area in the Gulf of Taranto, Northern Ionian Sea (Central-eastern Mediterranean Sea). The Gulf of Taranto hosts different cetacean species that accomplish important phases of their life in the area. Despite this fact, the gulf does not fall within any area-based management tools (ABMTs) for cetacean conservation. We pin down the Gulf of Taranto being eligible for the designation of diverse ABMTs for conservation, both legally and non-legally binding. Through a risk-based approach, this study explores the cause-effect relationships that link any human activities and pressures exerted in the study area to potential effects on cetaceans, by identifying major drivers of potential impacts. These were found to be underwater noise, marine litter, ship collision, and competition and disturbance on preys. We draw some recommendations based on different sources of available knowledge produced so far in the area (i.e., empirical evidence, scientific and grey literature, and expert judgement) to boost cetaceans’ conservation. Finally, we stress the need of sectoral coordination for the management of human activities by applying an EB-MSP approach and valuing the establishment of an ABMT in the Gulf of Taranto.
•Cetaceans' conservation addressed through a risk-based approach.•Evidence collected from multiple knowledge sources and uncertainty analysed.•Multiple drivers of pressures from maritime and land-based activities identified.•Cause-effects analysis of direct and indirect pressures on cetaceans developed.•Ecosystem-based MSP suitable to control pressures from activities outside MPAs.
The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum is considered the primary cause of recurrent paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in shellfish on the Moroccan Mediterranean coasts. The impacts of key ...environmental factors on the growth, cell yield, cell size and PST content of G. catenatum were determined. Results indicated that increasing salinity from 32 to 39 and nitrate concentrations from 441 μM to 1764 μM did not significantly (ANOVA, P-value >0.63) modify the growth rate of the studied species. Gymnodinium catenatum exhibited the highest growth rate at 24 °C. Cells arrested their division at 15 °C and at ammonium concentration above 441 μM, suggesting that this nitrogen form is toxic for G. catenatum. Furthermore, G. catenatum was unable to assimilate urea as a nitrogen source. In G. catenatum cells, eight analogues of saxitoxin were detected, belonging to the N-sulfocarbamoyl (C1–4, B1 and B2) and decarbamoyl (dc-GTX2/3) toxins. C-toxins contributed 92 % to 98 % of the molar composition of the PSTs. During the exponential growth, C2 tended to dominate, while C3 prevailed during the stationary phase. Toxin content per cell (ranging from 5.5 pg STXeq.cell−1 to 22.4 pg STXeq.cell−1) increased during the stationary growth phase. Cell toxin content increased with the concentrations of nitrate, ranging from 12.1 pg STXeq.cell−1 at 441 μM to 22.4 pg STXeq.cell−1 at 1764 μM during the stationary growth phase. The toxin content of G. catenatum showed the highest values measured at the highest tested temperatures, especially during the stationary phase, where toxicity reached 17.8 pg STXeq.cell−1 and 16.4 pg STXeq.cell−1 at 24 °C and 29 °C, respectively. The results can help understand the fluctuations in the growth and PST content of G. catenatum in its habitat in response to changing environmental variables in the Mediterranean Sea when exposed to increases in warming pressure and eutrophication.
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•Gymnodinium catenatum exhibited the highest growth rates at temperatures at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 29 °C.•Gymnodinium catenatum grows well when cultivated at salinities from 32 to 39 and nitrate concentrations between 441 μM and 1764 μM.•Ammonium and urea as nitrogen sources inhibited Gymnodinium catenatum cell division indicating toxicity at concentrations ≥ 441 μM for ammonia and suggesting that this dinoflagellate may not be osmotrophic for urea.•Toxin content per cell increased during the stationary growth phase and with increasing nitrate level•Temperature had a clear impact on toxin content, with higher values observed at higher temperatures, especially during the stationary phase, reaching 17.77 pg STXeq.cell-1 and 16.41 pg STXeq.cell-1 at 24 and 29 °C, respectively.
Due to the increasing mass mortality of Pinna nobilis, mainly caused by the protozoan Haplosporidium pinnae along the Mediterranean Sea, it is necessary to develop rapid and effective methods to ...detect the pathogen. The present study describes the development and validation of a species-specific assay based on hydrolysis probe chemistry to detect H. pinnae DNA from faeces and pseudofaeces of P. nobilis. During a study campaign in the Gulf of Trieste (Italy) in the spring and summer of 2022, 18 samples (10 faeces and 8 pseudofaeces) were collected. DNA was isolated from all samples and the presence of H. pinnae was tested by amplifying a small portion of 18S rDNA using qPCR. The newly developed assay detected positive H. pinnae in the faeces of the fan mussel in the spring, while no evidence of an outbreak of H. pinnae was found in the summer. In addition, the method proved to be noninvasive and can be used to monitor suspected H. pinnae infections in the early stages when bivalves are still vital. Furthermore, fecal analysis allows the monitoring of P. nobilis without dissecting tissues. The presented assay can also be used to routinely monitor the progress of mass mortalities caused by H. pinnae and to screen for the pathogen in live fan mussels and other environmental matrices, such as water, sediment, and faeces from other species that can host the protozoan.
To study the spatial distribution of sea surface plastics in marine protected and non-protected areas, 65 sea surface trawls were carried out using a Hydro-bios manta net coupled with a 335-μm mesh. ...A total of 19 sampling sites along the coastal waters of Mallorca, the “Parque Nacional Marítimo-Terrestre del Archipiélago de Cabrera” and Menorca in the Balearic Islands as well as along coastal waters of The Natural Park of Columbretes Islands (NW Mediterranean Sea) were sampled.
A total of 10,637 plastic items were identified and a subset of these items was categorized by shape, color, size and polymer composition. Plastic particles were found at each sampling site and in all samples. No microscale nor mesoscale variability in floating marine plastics abundance (particles/m2) was encountered throughout the study area where similar values were found in protected areas with no local land-based contamination sources, such as Columbretes 0.04 (±0.03) particles/m2, and in high anthropized areas, such as the island of Mallorca 0.04 (±0.07) particles/m2. However, differences were found in characteristics of plastic items (shape, polymer, and size range), with the protected area of Columbretes characterized by the presence of the highest density of very small plastic items composed mainly of fragments (93%). Quantified plastics from the marine environment were composed mainly of polyethylene (PE, 63.3%), polypropylene (PP; 24.9%), polycarbonate (PC; 4.6%) and polystyrene (PS, 3.3%). The polymer composition showed a homogenous composition between islands and differences were detected only amongst Columbretes and the other islands.
Results from this study provide further evidence of the ubiquity of plastics in the marine environment and highlight that remote and protected areas, such as Columbretes, are not exempt from plastic pollution, but receptor areas for small and aged floating plastics composed mainly by fragments, which might have potentially harmful effects on protected ecosystems.
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•All surface samples of near-shore surveys had plastic particles.•The proximity of sampled area and contamination sources do not influence plastic density.•Higher density of fragments and lower of films in protected than unprotected areas.•Less variability in polymer composition in protected than unprotected areas.•Plastic items smaller than 163,000 μm were detected only in protected areas.
The isotopic composition of the detrital sediment record harbours a valuable proxy for estimating the composition of the erodible upper crust since the Archaean. Refractory elements such as titanium ...(Ti) and zirconium (Zr) can display systematic variations in their isotopic composition as a result of magmatic differentiation. Hence, the isotopic composition of such elements in detrital sediments could potentially be used to infer the average composition (e.g., SiO2 content) of their source region, even when elemental systematics are obfuscated by weathering and diagenetic processes. A key premise of this approach is that the isotopic composition of sediments remains unbiased relative to their protolith. To what extent isotopic fractionation can occur during sedimentary processes, notably the hydrodynamic sorting of heavy mineral assemblages with contrasting isotopic compositions, remains poorly understood. We investigate the effects of such processes on the Ti and Zr isotope composition of a suite of detrital sediments from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS). These sediments are binary mixtures of two main provenance components, Saharan dust and Nile sediment, with strongly contrasting mineralogical and geochemical signatures.
The EMS sediments display clear evidence for hydrodynamic sorting of zircon, expressed as a large variation in Zr/Al2O3 and deviation of εHf relative to the terrestrial εNd-εHf array. Our new data, however, do not show pronounced Zr isotope variation resulting from either hydrodynamic sorting of zircon or sediment provenance. Although this agrees with theoretical models that predict negligible equilibrium zircon-melt Zr isotope fractionation, it contrasts with recent observations suggesting that kinetic Zr isotope fractionation might be a common feature in igneous rocks. For the EMS sediments, the negligible shift in Zr isotope composition through hydrodynamic sorting means that fine-grained samples accurately reflect the composition of their source. The nearly overlapping Zr isotope compositions of Sahara- and Nile-derived sediment, however, mean that Zr isotopes, in this case, have insufficient resolution to be a useful provenance proxy.
Titanium behaves differently. A small but resolvable, systematic difference in Ti isotope composition is observed between the Sahara and Nile provenance components. Samples with a strong Saharan dust signature show some Ti isotope evidence for hydrodynamic sorting of oxides in tandem with zircon, but a much stronger effect is inferred for Nile sediment. Regression of the EMS sediment samples shows that the Ti isotope composition of the Nile-derived component is strongly fractionated compared to its protolith, the Ethiopian flood basalts. Whereas Ti in Nile sediment is carried in essentially unmodified concentration, and by inference isotope composition, from its sources to the delta, large-scale hydrodynamic sorting of Fe-Ti oxides occurs in the littoral cell. This process causes a decrease in TiO2/Al2O3 of the residual fine-grained sediment fraction and shifts its Ti isotope composition to heavier compositions. The potential of such an “oxide effect” in detrital sediments has implications for crustal evolution models that use Ti isotopes as a proxy for the proportion of felsic crust and can account for the observed scatter in the shale record.
•OH-isoGDGT abundances analyzed in the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea.•OH-isoGDGT abundances, %OH and TEX86OH strongly correlate with water depth.•RI-OH and RI-OH′ show no trend with water depth.•Low ...abundances of OH-isoGDGTs (<1 %) observed in the Red Sea.•%OH, RI-OH and RI-OH′ do not form a distinct 'Red Sea cluster', unlike TEX86.
Hydroxylated Isoprenoidal Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers (OH-isoGDGTs) have recently been utilized as paleothermometers in the marine environment. However, their ability to reconstruct temperature in the Mediterranean and Red Sea has not been adequately investigated. Previous research has shown that archaeal communities inhabiting different water depths in these basins exert a substantial influence on the regular isoGDGT distributions and associated proxies such as the TEX86. However, the impact of these archaea on OH-isoGDGTs and their corresponding proxies remains unclear. In this study, we examined the distribution of OH-isoGDGTs and their associated proxies (%OH, RI-OH, RI-OH′ and TEX86OH) in surface sediments of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. We observe strong correlations between the fractional abundances of OH-isoGDGTs, relative to all isoGDGTs and OH-isoGDGTs, and water depth which suggests that deep-water archaeal communities have a lower OH-isoGDGT abundance compared to the shallow communities. As a result, %OH and TEX86OH are strongly correlated with water depth, particularly at depths <500 m in the Mediterranean Sea. Interestingly, RI-OH and RI-OH′ show no correlation with water depth in the Mediterranean Sea. Instead, they correlate more strongly with satellite-derived sea surface temperature compared to other isoGDGT-based proxies, indicating their potential as paleothermometers. Finally, unlike TEX86 and TEX86OH, the %OH, RI-OH and RI-OH′ do not exhibit distinct 'Red Sea cluster' and display comparable values to sediments from other tropical oceans. Further research on sedimentary OH-isoGDGT distributions with broader geographical coverage within these basins and enrichment cultures of deep-water archaea are needed to confirm these observations.
We present a geodynamic reconstruction of the Central–Western Mediterranean and neighboring areas during the last 50Myr, including magmatological and tectonic observations. This area was interested ...by different styles of evolution and polarity of subduction zones influenced by the fragmented Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic paleogeography between Africa and Eurasia. Both oceanic and continental lithospheric plates were diachronously consumed along plate boundaries. The hinge of subducting slabs converged toward the upper plate in the double-vergent thick-skinned Alps–Betics and Dinarides, characterized by two slowly-subsiding foredeeps. The hinge diverged from the upper plate in the single-vergent thin-skinned Apennines–Maghrebides and Carpathians orogens, characterized by a single fast-subsiding foredeep. The retreating lithosphere deficit was compensated by asthenosphere upwelling and by the opening of several back-arc basins (the Ligurian–Provençal, Valencia Trough, Northern Algerian, Tyrrhenian and Pannonian basins). In our reconstruction, the W-directed Apennines–Maghrebides and Carpathians subductions nucleated along the retro-belt of the Alps and the Dinarides, respectively. The wide chemical composition of the igneous rocks emplaced during this tectonic evolution confirms a strong heterogeneity of the Mediterranean upper mantle and of the subducting plates. In the Apennine–Maghrebide and Carpathian systems the subduction-related igneous activity (mostly medium- to high-K calcalkaline melts) is commonly followed in time by mildly sodic alkaline and tholeiitic melts. The magmatic evolution of the Mediterranean area cannot be easily reconciled with simple magmatological models proposed for the Pacific subductions. This is most probably due to synchronous occurrence of several subduction zones that strongly perturbed the chemical composition of the upper mantle in the Mediterranean region and, above all, to the presence of ancient modifications related to past orogeneses. The classical approach of using the geochemical composition of igneous rocks to infer the coeval tectonic setting characteristics cannot be used in geologically complex systems like the Mediterranean area.
► The last 50Ma of the Central–Western Mediterranean are sown in a movie (1Ma time steps). ► The movie is constrained by geological and petrological data. ► A subduction flip explains the shift from Alps to Apennines and from Dinarides to Carpathians. ► Ccontemporaneous subductions have chemically perturbed the mantle in the Mediterranean region. ► This makes the interpretation of magmatism in term of active geodynamic processes a difficult task.
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