El estudio del cambio agrario operado en la Península a raíz de la conquista árabo-islámica del 711 se ha centrado principalmente en el proceso de difusión de la agricultura irrigada. Sin embargo, ...resulta sorprendente el escaso número de estudios sobre otras prácticas agrarias como las que conciernen al aprovechamiento de las cabañas ganaderas, un tema de investigación que ha sido solo superficialmente explorado debido en parte a suposiciones apriorísticas, como la que presupone la disociación existente entre ganadería y agricultura irrigada en al-Ándalus. En este trabajo se propone una reconsideración del papel de la ganadería en la economía agraria andalusí. En primer lugar, se exponen una serie de reflexiones que cuestionan la validez de algunos de los argumentos que han contribuido a lastrar el estudio de la actividad pecuaria en al-Ándalus. En segundo lugar, se alude al papel que la práctica ganadera desempeña en el contexto de la producción agraria tradicional, destacando la importancia del estiércol para el mantenimiento de una agricultura intensiva como la irrigada. Por último, se presentan algunos de los principales resultados derivados del estudio arqueozoológico de contextos andalusíes, cuya lectura agroecológica contribuye a mejorar nuestra comprensión del sistema agrario andalusí y del papel que pudo desempeñar en él la actividad pecuaria.
In the late Middle Ages, a large number of both common and private petitions involving Magna Carta emerged in the English parliament. A study of these activities can shed new light on the role of ...Magna Carta in the political life of the realm. In fact, Magna Carta was a key medium of the political communication between the king and its subjects through parliamentary petitions. The communication was full of tension, reflecting the political game between the two sides based on their own interests. On the one hand, petitioners made a wide use of Magna Carta and combined it with other petitioning tactics in order to highlight the reasonability of their claims and to safeguard their own rights and interests. On the other hand, the king did not simply treat these petitions in a passive way, but dealt with them according to their specific circumstances and its own interests, and showed an attitude generally supportive. As a whole, the political interaction between the two sides in these petitions was characterized b
The Sahara of Masked Ones served as a vital link between the regions of West Sudan and Islamic Maghreb throughout the medieval era. It maintained political, cultural, and enduring economic ties with ...both regions, with sources often presenting diverse aspects. Despite the desert nature of the area and the nomadic lifestyle that characterized many southern Saharan tribes, numerous urban centers held significant economic stature. The Sahara of Masked Ones played crucial political roles through these centers. This study focuses on their political relations with the Far Maghreb. Our aim is to uncover the reality obscured by sources that some scholars manipulated, portraying the region as politically and geographically subordinate to the Far Maghreb. This aligns with expansionist political ideologies that emerged since the independence era of the past century—ideologies we perceive as illegitimate and lacking a historical foundation.
The way of eating in a certain historical period in a country can be an interesting indicator of the economic, agricultural and social climate, but also of various influences from the environment. ...Dining in the Middle Ages was conditioned by social and material status. The way of life in the city and the village differed, and this can easily be established on the basis of their tables. Peasants had to grow their own livestock, grains, fruits and vegetables, while the privileged bought them at the markets or imported them from abroad. The limited availability of products that can be used to prepare meals made the people in the countryside more appreciative of everything they produced, and wasting food was almost unthinkable. The study of food production and methods of preparation and consumption has become interesting to science only in the last few decades - studies of other sociological activities took precedence. The table is a precise indicator of all life circumstances: social status, joys and sorrows, traditions or rituals. In addition, the geographical position of Serbia on the Balkan Peninsula, where the roads between Europe and Asia cross, has resulted in the mixing of different cultures, and thus has influenced the culture of food. The medieval population of Serbia inhabited geographically diverse areas, there were frequent migrations, wars, looting and robbery. Serbia was often affected by droughts and diseases, but marriages were also made between noble families. All that left its mark on Serbian cuisine. The meeting of Oriental and Central European cultures brought variety in the number of foods, their processing and processing, storage methods and customs, as well as table manners. The beginnings of the national cuisine of the Serbs are linked to the Nemanjić dynasty. There are numerous historical sources about the development of culinary culture, and reliable testimonies are church charters and similar sources.
There are numerous studies in the literature on the nature of the sultanate and its emergence in the founding years of the Mamlūk state. These studies have discussed the distinction between puppet ...sultan and authoritarian sultan and have drawn attention to the tensions between the sultan and the elite amirs. Moreover, after the assassination of al-Malik al-Muzaffar al-Sayf al-Din Quṭuz, a rationale such as “whoever kills a sultan becomes a sultan” as a form of being a sultan also took place in literature. However, since this postulate has not been sufficiently analyzed at the historical level and general conclusions are drawn about an event, the ground has been prepared for this understanding to appear as a phenomenon in literature. This work attempts to solve this problem by analyzing the assassination of Quṭuz in the chronicles of the period, gaining a number of insights into how the process actually took place. The contradictory statements of the sources on this subject were examined on a historical level and an attempt was made to uncover the context of the theory in question. In addition, the weakness of the proposition was emphasized by mentioning the disconnection of the problems faced by al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Baybars in the first years of his reign with the understanding of “who kills a sultan becomes a sultan.”
A high percentage of the archaeological finds from the excavations in the garden of the former Teutonic Hospital date back to the Middle Ages, when the Southern part of the Capitol Hill was ...considered practically abandoned after the 5th century and up to the middle of the12th century. This paper aims to understand whether or not these finds fit into the more general trends that are emerging in Medieval Rome and to indicate research themes and perspectives.
Il saggio presenta il libro The Martyrdom of the Franciscans di Christopher MacEvitt e introduce alle tre letture critiche e la replica dell'autore qui pubblicate. Si sofferma in particolare sugli ...impulsi che le fonti analizzate da MacEvitt potrebbero dare a nuove riflessioni sul martirio medievale in genere, non solo francescano.
Almanya'nın Köln şehrinde 15 Temmuz 1860'da dünyaya geldi. Yahudi kökenli zengin bir banker ailesine mensuptu. İyi bir çocukluk dönemi geçirdi ve yine çok iyi bir eğitim aldı. Almanya'nın çeşitli ...şehirlerinde memuriyetlerde bulundu. Hukuk eğitimini tamamladı ve 1883'te hukuk doktoru oldu. Ancak onun en büyük arzusu Doğu'nun renkli dünyasına yolculuklar yapmaktı. Bu rüyası 1883 kışında gerçekleşti ve ilk Doğu gezisini yaptı. Sonraki Doğu seyahati üç yıl sonra gerçekleşti ve ortaçağların büyüleyici ülkesi Fas'a gitti. 1892'de, Önce İspanya'ya ve Mağribe sonra Kahire'ye seyahat etti. 1893'te Hindistan'ı ve ardından Doğu Afrika'yı ziyaret etti. Sultan II. Abdülhamid'in daveti üzerine İstanbul'a gitti. Osmanlı coğrafyasındaki seyahat izlenimlerini "Akdeniz'den İran Körfezi'ne" adlı iki ciltlik kitabında ölümsüzleştirdi. İlk diplomatik görevine 1896'da Kahire'de başladı. Kayzer II. Wilhelm'in özel ajanı olduğu iddia edilen Oppenheim, burada 13 yıl kaldı. O yıllardaki en önemli görevi İslam dünyasını özellikle basınını gözlemlemekti. Berlin'e aşağı yukarı 500 rapor ve muhtıra gönderdi. Bunlar siyaset, din ve kültür gibi çeşitli konuları içeriyordu. Bölgedeki gezileri sırasında rastlantı sonucu Tell-Halaf antik kentini keşfetti ve 20. yüzyılın başlarında en önemli kazılardan birini yaptı. 1914 Sonbaharında "İslam Dünyasının Düşmanlarımıza Karşı Ayaklandırılmasına" ilişkin gizli ve kapsamlı bir muhtırayı bakanlığa sundu. Bu bir cihad çağrısıydı ve Müslümanların gazabını düşmanlarının üzerine çekmeyi amaçlıyordu. 136 sayfalık bu çok etkileyici raporunda; İslam dünyasında başlatılacak ayaklanmalar ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıklanıyordu. Mısır ve Hindistan'ın ayaklandırılması en önemli olanıydı. Bunu Kafkasya'yla Fas, Tunus ve Cezayir'de gerçekleştirilecek ayaklanmalar izliyordu. Birinci Dünya Savaşı patlak verdiğinde Berlin'e çağrıldı ve diplomatik görevi yeniden başladı. Berlin'de "Doğu İstihbarat Merkezini" kurdu. Kısa bir süre başkanlığını yaptıktan sonra Mart 1915'te "Haber Merkezi Odalarını" kurmak üzere İstanbul'a gitti. Düzenli bir propaganda yapılabilmesi için seksen kadar "Haber Merkezi odası" organize etti. Savaş sonrası politikanın yanı sıra bilimsel çalışmalarını özellikle Tell-Halaf kazılarını sürdürdü. Gezgin, ajan ve arkeolog olarak dolu dolu yaşadığı seksen altı yıllık yaşamı 15 Kasım 1946'da sona erdi.
This article seeks to establish the importance of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda in the growth of mystical ideas surrounding the worship of Shri Radha and Shri Krishna in the medieval Braj region, with ...Vrindavan as the bull’s eye. It also highlights the importance that the Bhakti Movement gave to the emotion Preeti, love for the divine.
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