A multi-scale modelling system was developed to provide hourly NOx concentration fields at a building-resolving scale in the urban area of Modena, a city in the middle of the Po Valley (Italy), one ...of the most polluted areas in Europe. The WRF-Chem model was applied over three nested domains and employed with the aim of reproducing local background concentrations, taking into account meteorological and chemical transformation at the regional scale with nested resolutions of 15 km, 3 km and 1 km. Conversely, the PMSS modelling system was applied to simulate 3D air pollutant dispersion, due to traffic emissions, with a very high-resolution (4 m) on a 6 km × 6 km domain covering the city of Modena.
The methodology employed to account for anthropogenic emissions relies on two different strategies. Traffic emissions were based on a bottom-up approach using emission factors suggested by the European Environmental Agency with traffic fluxes estimated by the PTV VISUM model in the urban area of Modena, combined with direct traffic flow measurements performed between October 28 and November 8, 2016 which was used for the hourly vehicle modulation. Other anthropogenic emissions were taken from the TNO-MACC III inventory at the scales resolved by the WRF-Chem model. Simulations were performed for the same period whereby the traffic measurement campaign was carried out.
2 m temperature and 10 m wind speed were captured quite well by the WRF-Chem model with statistical metrics in line with similar case studies related to the Northern Italy. The NOx concentrations reproduced in the Po Valley area by WRF-Chem were on average simulated reasonably well with a general negative bias in almost all the examined rural background monitoring stations. Additionally, the deployment of an emission inventory at the original resolution (7 km) highlighted that increasing resolution from 3 km to 1 km does not generally improve the model performance.
Nevertheless, simulated and observed NOx hourly concentrations in the urban area of Modena exhibit a large agreement in particular for urban traffic site where detailed traffic emission estimations proved to be very successful in reproducing the observed NOx trend. At urban background stations, despite a general underestimation of the observed concentrations, the combination of WRF-Chem with PMSS provided daily pattern in line with observations. The analysis of the modelled NOx daily cycle pointed out also that at both traffic and background urban stations the morning NOx peak concentration was on average underestimated. This could be explained with an overestimation of mixing phenomena between 07:30 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. by WRF-Chem which leads to a greater dispersion of NOx along the vertical and thus a morning underestimation.
The statistical analysis showed finally that PMSS combined with WRF-Chem at both the resolutions (3 km and 1 km) and at both traffic and background sites fulfilled standard acceptance criteria for urban dispersion model evaluation, confirming that the proposed multi-modelling system can be employed as a tool to support environmental policies, epidemiological studies and urban mobility planning.
A hybrid modeling system composed by the WRF-Chem model and the Parallel Micro SWIFT and SPRAY modelling suite was employed to estimate urban NOx concentrations at very high resolution (4m) in a real case study. Results show that the modeling system provides good accuracy in reproducing observations, particularly at the traffic reference site. Model performances are also compliant with validation criteria at both the urban traffic and the urban background reference stations. Display omitted
•Application of a multi-scale approach to estimate urban NOx level.•Tailored traffic emissions by the combination of direct measurements and simulation.•Model performances for NOx fulfill the acceptance criteria for urban environments.•Better description of NOx in urban traffic than in urban background conditions.
Balsamic vinegar of Modena (ABM) is a product obtained from concentrated grape must with the addition of wine vinegar. It can be adulterated with the addition of exogenous water. The official method ...EN16466-3, based on the analysis of the stable isotope ratio δ 18O of the water, is not applicable to ABM with high density (above 1.20 at 20 °C). In this work, for the first time, the official method was modified, providing for a prior dilution of the sample and applying a correction of the data in order to eliminate the isotopic contribution of the diluent, whereupon the within- and between-day standard deviations of repeatability (Sr) were estimated. Considering the limit values of δ 18O for vinegar and concentrated must, the threshold limit of δ 18O, below which the ABM product can be considered adulterated, has been identified.
Bu çalışmada Venedikli Rabbi Leon Modena’nın (ö.1648) Katolik Mezhebine karşı yazdığı Magen va-Herev (Kalkan ve Kılıç) adlı reddiyesi konu edilmiştir. Yazar eserini kendisinden yaklaşık bir asır önce ...yaşamış Pietro Galatino’nun (ö. 1530) “De Arcanis Catholicae Veritatis” (Katolik Gerçeğinin Sırları) adlı eserine cevap mahiyetinde hazırlamıştır. Modena çalışmasında her ne kadar Galatino ve eserini hedef almışsa da Hıristiyan geleneğin arka planını aktarmada en sık başvuru kaynağı olarak Orta Çağ’ın en önemli Hıristiyan teologlarından olan Thomas Aquinas’ın eserlerine müracaat etmiş ve Aquinas’ın görüşlerini eleştirmiştir. Eser sekiz bölüm olarak tasarlanmış, fakat son üç bölüm kayda geçirilmeden yazar vefat etmiştir. Eserin içinde Aslî Günah, Teslis, Enkarnasyon, Meryem’in Bakireliği ve Mesih bölümleri yer almaktadır. Kendinden önceki Yahudi polemikleri ile içerik ve konu açısından benzerlikler taşısa da üslup açısından günümüz araştırmacıları tarafından orijinal bir yaklaşımının olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışma içerisinde Meryem’in bakireliği, İsa’nın doğumundaki rolü, İsa’nın soyuna tesiri ve Meryem’in kutsiyeti hususunda Katolik anlayışta yer alan iddialara Modena’nın yönelttiği itirazlar incelenmektedir.
This study evaluates the refutation of the Venetian Rabbi Leon Modena (d.1648) against the Christian Catholic Order named Magen Va-Herev (Shield and Sword). The author prepared his work as a response to Pietro Galatino’s (d. 1530) “De Arcanis Catholicae Veritatis” (Secrets of the Catholic Truth). Although Modena wanted to respond to the work of Galatino, he also targeted Thomas Aquinas, one of the most important Christian theologians of the Middle Ages, and his works. Modena designed the work as eight chapters but could only write five chapters. The work includes chapters of Original Sin, Trinity, Incarnation, Virginity of Mary, and the Messiah. Although Modena’s work shows similarities with previous Jewish polemics in terms of content and subject, it has a unique approach in terms of style, according to today’s researchers. This study deals with Modena’s objections to the Catholic claims about the virginity of Mary, her role in the birth and progeny of Jesus, and the glory of Mary.
This book explores the diplomatic role of women in early modern European dynastic networks through the study of Aragonese marriage alliances in late fifteenth-century Italy and Hungary.
The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of 3 different extenders for preservation of boar semen at 15°C. Ejaculates (32) were evaluated and extended (1:4) in TRIXcell+, Modena and GEPS ...extenders and kept for 4 h of holding at 22°C. The samples were preserved in a BOD incubator at 15°C up to 168 h and evaluated for sperm motility, intact acrosome and HOST-reacted sperm at 0, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 h of preservation. The mean percentage of sperm motility, intact acrosome and HOST-reacted sperm was significantly higher in TRIXcell+ extender than Modena and GEPS at different hours of preservation. Out of the 3 extenders studied, TRIXcell+ was found to be the best followed by Modena and GEPS extenders respectively based on sperm motility, intact acrosome and HOST.
The Modena bleeding score is a categorical rating scale that allows the assessment of the surgical field in relation to bleeding during endoscopic surgery. It has recently been presented and ...validated in the field of endoscopic ear surgery by the present authors. The Modena bleeding score provides five grades for rating the surgical field during endoscopic procedures (from grade 1 − no bleeding to grade 5 − bleeding that prevents every surgical procedure except those dedicated to bleeding control).
The aim of this study was to validate the Modena bleeding score in the setting of endoscopic sinus surgery.
Fifteen three-minute videos of endoscopic sinus surgery procedures (each containing three bleeding situations) were evaluated by 15 specialists, using the Modena bleeding score. Intra and inter-rater reliability were assessed, and the clinical validity of the Modena bleeding score was calculated using a referent standard.
The data analysis showed an intra-rater reliability ranging from 0.6336 to 0.861. The inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.676 to 0.844. The clinical validity was α = 0.70; confidence limits: 0.64 − 0.75, corresponding to substantial agreement.
The Modena bleeding score is an effective method to score bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery. Its application in future research could facilitate the performance and efficacy assessment of surgical techniques, materials or devices aimed to bleeding control during endoscopic sinus surgery.
In chiusura del numero speciale a lui dedicato, riproduciamo una breve nota autobiografica di Salvatore Biasco, già professore ordinario presso Sapienza Università di Roma, e collaboratore della ...rivista per molti anni.
This work aimed to compare targeted and untargeted approaches based on NMR data for the construction of classification models for Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena (TBVM) and Balsamic Vinegar of ...Modena (BVM). Their complexity in terms of composition makes the authentication of these products difficult, which requires the employment of several time-consuming analytical methods. Here, 1H-NMR spectroscopy was selected as the analytical method for the analysis of TVBM and BVM due to its rapidity and efficacy in food authentication. 1H-NMR spectra of old (>12 years) and extra-old (>25 years) TVBM and BVM (>60 days) and aged (>3 years) BVM were acquired, and targeted and untargeted approaches were used for building unsupervised and supervised multivariate statistical modes. Targeted and untargeted approaches were based on quantitative results of peculiar compounds present in vinegar obtained through qNMR, and all spectral variables, respectively. Several classification models were employed, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) demonstrated sensitivity and specificity percentages higher than 85% for both approaches. The most important discriminating variables were glucose, fructose, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The untargeted approach proved to be the most promising strategy for the construction of LDA models of authentication for TVBM and BVM due to its easier applicability, rapidity, and slightly higher predictive performance. The proposed method for authenticating TBVM and BVM could be employed by Italian producers for safeguarding their valuable products.
The volatile composition of 26 premium quality vinegars belonging to three different protected geographical indications (traditional balsamic vinegar of Modena, balsamic vinegar of Modena, and sherry ...vinegar) has been characterized by means of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography−mass spectrometry GC−MS method. Among the about 90 quantified compounds, short-chain fatty acids, furanic compounds, enolic derivatives, and some esters were found to discriminate the samples as a consequence of differences in the extent of Maillard reactions, presence of alcoholic fermentation, or duration of wood aging.
•Odour active compounds in traditional balsamic and balsamic vinegars of Modena were elucidated.•Lower values for sweet category in balsamic vinegars.•Lower values for miscellaneous and chemical ...categories in traditional balsamic ones.•Both types of vinegars were differentiated according to olfactometric data.
Odour-active compounds in three traditional balsamic vinegars from Modena (TB) and seven balsamic vinegars from Modena (PGI) were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) using frequency of detection methodology (modified frequency, MF, %). The main odour compounds (mean MF > 60%) were 2,3-butanedione (75%), acetic acid (70%), furan-2-carbaldehyde (62%), 1-(furan-2-yl)ethanone (62%), 2-methylpropanoic acid (66%), butanoic acid (78%), 3-methylbutanoic acid (83%), 2-phenylethyl acetate (65%), 2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one (61%), 2-phenylethan-1-ol (84%), 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyran-4-one (60%), (5-formylfuran-2-yl)methyl acetate (68%), 2-phenylacetic acid (69%) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (86%). All odour impact compounds were grouped into 7 categories according to their aromatic character: cheesy-butter-lactic, sweet, flower, empyreumatic, fruity, chemical and miscellaneous. Balsamic vinegars from Modena showed lower values for the sweet category whereas for the miscellaneous and chemical categories they exhibited higher values than those found in traditional balsamic vinegars from Modena.
A principal component analysis showed that both types of vinegars from Modena could be clearly differentiated based on olfactometric data.
PDF
