The next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. LTE is the first technology designed explicitly for the Next Generation Network NGN and is ...set to become the de-facto NGN mobile access network standard. It takes advantage of the NGN's capabilities to provide an always-on mobile data experience comparable to wired networks. In this paper LTE uplink waveforms displayed with various duplexing mode, Allocated Resources Blocks ARB, Modulation types and total information per frame, QPSK and 16 QAM used as modulation techniques and tested under AWGN and Rayleigh channels, similarity and interference of the generated waveforms tested using auto-correlation and cross-correlation respectively.
The arrival of 6G mobile communication networks is anticipated to revolutionize the technological landscape, bringing about profound innovations. This research paper explores the various ...technological advancements that will pave the way for the advent of 6G networks, with a particular focus on addressing energy consumption. It is widely recognized that energy efficiency plays a crucial role in the evolution of 6G networks. To enhance network performance, user experience, and resource management, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expected to be a pivotal technology. AI-based solutions can effectively optimize energy usage and contribute to the overall efficiency of 6G networks. Furthermore, the incorporation of wireless communication systems, telecommunication, and the Internet of Things (IoT) will be integral to the infrastructure of 6G networks. The need for significant enhancements in 6G networks is also examined in this study. Ensuring the safety and protection of 6G networks from cyber threats becomes increasingly important due to the growing reliance on networked communication and the sensitive nature of transmitted information. Cutting-edge security methods such as homomorphic encryption and blockchain technology may be essential in this regard. Moreover, this research paper explores the impact of 6G networks on various domains and discusses the challenges that must be overcome to unlock the technology’s full potential. To ensure responsible adoption and usage of 6G networks, the development of new business models and regulatory frameworks may be necessary to support their implementation while addressing energy consumption concerns.
Promoter proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a critical transcriptional regulatory mechanism in metazoans that requires the transcription factor DRB sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF) ...and the inhibitory negative elongation factor (NELF). DSIF, composed of Spt4 and Spt5, establishes the pause by recruiting NELF to the elongation complex. However, the role of DSIF in pausing beyond NELF recruitment remains unclear. We used a highly purified in vitro system and Drosophila nuclear extract to investigate the role of DSIF in promoter proximal pausing. We identified two domains of Spt5, the KOW4 and NGN domains, that facilitate Pol II pausing. The KOW4 domain promotes pausing through its interaction with the nascent RNA while the NGN domain does so through a short helical motif that is in close proximity to the non-transcribed DNA template strand. Removal of this sequence in Drosophila has a male-specific dominant negative effect. The alpha-helical motif is also needed to support fly viability. We also show that the interaction between the Spt5 KOW1 domain and the upstream DNA helix is required for DSIF association with the Pol II elongation complex. Disruption of the KOW1–DNA interaction is dominant lethal in vivo. Finally, we show that the KOW2-3 domain of Spt5 mediates the recruitment of NELF to the elongation complex. In summary, our results reveal additional roles for DSIF in transcription regulation and identify specific domains important for facilitating Pol II pausing.
The exponential traffic growth, demand for high speed wireless data communications, as well as incessant deployment of innovative wireless technologies, services, and applications, have put ...considerable pressure on the mobile network operators (MNOs). Consequently, cellular access network performance in terms of capacity, quality of service, and network coverage needs further considerations. In order to address the challenges, MNOs, as well as equipment vendors, have given significant attention to the small-cell schemes based on cloud radio access network (C-RAN). This is due to its beneficial features in terms of performance optimization, cost-effectiveness, easier infrastructure deployment, and network management. Nevertheless, the C-RAN architecture imposes stringent requirements on the fronthaul link for seamless connectivity. Digital radio over fiber-based common public radio interface (CPRI) is the fundamental means of distributing baseband samples in the C-RAN fronthaul. However, optical links which are based on CPRI have bandwidth and flexibility limitations. Therefore, these limitations might constrain or make them impractical for the next generation mobile systems which are envisaged not only to support carrier aggregation and multi-band but also envisioned to integrate technologies like millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and massive multiple-input multiple-output antennas into the base stations. In this paper, we present comprehensive tutorial on technologies, requirements, architectures, challenges, and proffer potential solutions on means of achieving an efficient C-RAN optical fronthaul for the next-generation network such as the fifth generation network and beyond. A number of viable fronthauling technologies such as mm-wave and wireless fidelity are considered and this paper mainly focuses on optical technologies such as optical fiber and free-space optical. We also present feasible means of reducing the system complexity, cost, bandwidth requirement, and latency in the fronthaul. Furthermore, means of achieving the goal of green communication networks through reduction in the power consumption by the system are considered.
For the last decades huge efforts of telecommunication, Internet and media organizations have been focusing on creating standards and implementing one common network delivering multimedia services – ...Next Generation Network. One of the technologies which are very likely to be used in NGN transport layer is ASON/GMPLS optical network. The implementation of ASON/GMPLS technology using open source software and its results are the subject of this paper. The ASON/GMPLS architecture and its relation to the proposed ITU-T NGN architecture are described. The concept, functional structure and communication among architecture elements as well as the implementation of laboratory testbed are presented. The results of functional tests confirming proper software and testbed operation are stated.
Debido a la necesidad de introducción e integración de la red de la provincia Granma, hacia una red NGN, como solución a las deficiencias en la infraestructura de la misma, en el presente trabajo se ...brinda una propuesta de Red de Nueva Generación para la provincia Granma partiendo de las condiciones actuales de esta y considerando la existencia del dorsal nacional IP/MPLS como transporte. Primeramente, se analiza la estructura del modelo NGN, así como sus características, facilidades y protocolos de señalización. Posteriormente se realiza un profundo análisis del equipamiento propuesto por el fabricante Huawei, evaluando la disponibilidad y las potencialidades de esta tecnología. Finalmente, se exponen elementos que contribuyen a la migración de la red de telecomunicaciones actual de Granma hacia una red NGN.
This paper proposes technical specifications for effectively implementing the interconnection of Next Generation Network (NGN) in Indonesia. NGN is one of the current telecommunication infrastructure ...network technology trends. It provides a simpler concept with only two layers of service and transport. The NGN IP-based transport system can connect with various types of networks, which leads to low management costs by offering different kinds of services. Meanwhile, there are currently various types of telecommunication networks depending on the services provided, such as Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), IPv4 Internet as well as Public Switched Data Network (PSDN). PSTN is a circuit-switched voice communications network, and PSDN is a network for data-based communications with International Telecommunication Union (ITU)-T X.121 standards. Another type is a packet-switched based network that uses IPv4 addressing systems. Each network has its customers. One of the problems that arise, however, is how to transform the current network system to the NGN network effectively. The effectiveness of network transformation in the service provision for users is determined by the technical aspects used. Some of the technical aspects issues on implementation of NGN networks in Indonesia are the use of a protocol for signaling, coding standards, Quality of Service (QoS), numbering and addressing, and security. This paper proposes technical specifications for the effectiveness of NGN network implementation in Indonesia. Through the technical specification model, we propose, the risks that will arise in the implementation of NGN networks in Indonesia can be managed. Appropriate technical specifications have an essential role in the effectiveness of NGN network implementation in Indonesia.
•N-doped graphene supported Cu NPs (Cux/NGN) catalysts are prepared by simple wet chemical method.•The Cu20/NGN electrocatalyst shows high selectivity for ethanol with FE of 25.72 % at −1.0 V (vs. ...RHE) in ECR.•A synergic effect between Cu and NGN in the formation of multi-carbon products is shown.•Cu20/NGN shows stable performance during the longer run (of 12 h) without significant loss in CD.
Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere causes a negative impact on the global climate. Utilization of CO2 into value-added chemical products by electrochemical reduction method has attracted great attention to reduce the CO2 emissions and achieve net-zero carbon footprints. Herein, we report a nanostructured electrocatalyst consisting of N-doped graphene (NGN) supported Cu nanoparticles (Cu NPs) with high catalytic activity for electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR). The electrocatalyst was optimized for loading of Cu NPs on NGN. The physico-chemical properties of electrocatalysts were studied by SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, etc. Characterization results show that the high loading of Cu (30 wt. %) increases the size of Cu NPs due to agglomeration of particles. ECR experiments were carried out in a two-compartment electrochemical cell. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the liquid products. Amongst all tested electrocatalysts, Cu20/NGN shows the highest activity for ECR in the entire potential range studied. It gives a total 54 % Faradaic efficiency at -1.0 V (vs. RHE) for the liquid products. The study also demonstrates that the electronic and structural properties of the electrode were improved by the addition of Cu NPs on NGN surface, which in turn enhanced the performance of the catalyst as confirmed by potential-controlled electrocatalysis.
The exponential growth of mobile applications and services during the last years has challenged the existing network infrastructures. Consequently, the arrival of multiple management solutions to ...cope with this explosion along the end-to-end network chain has increased the complexity in the coordinated orchestration of different segments composing the whole infrastructure. The Zero-touch Network and Service Management (ZSM) concept has recently emerged to automatically orchestrate and manage network resources while assuring the Quality of Experience (QoE) demanded by users. Machine Learning (ML) is one of the key enabling technologies that many ZSM frameworks are adopting to bring intelligent decision making to the network management system. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art application of ML-based techniques to improve ZSM performance. To this end, the main related standardization activities and the aligned international projects and research efforts are deeply examined. From this dissection, the skyrocketing growth of the ZSM paradigm can be observed. Concretely, different standardization bodies have already designed reference architectures to set the foundations of novel automatic network management functions and resource orchestration. Aligned with these advances, diverse ML techniques are being currently exploited to build further ZSM developments in different aspects, including multi-tenancy management, traffic monitoring, and architecture coordination, among others. However, different challenges, such as the complexity, scalability, and security of ML mechanisms, are also identified, and future research guidelines are provided to accomplish a firm development of the ZSM ecosystem.
•Testing is often a dominant method of student evaluation and assessment in programs of nursing and test scores can impact students, faculty, programs of nursing, and society.•This paper adds to the ...existing body of knowledge by introducing a consistent, holistic approach to three interrelated components of testing, (1) pre-test active learning activities, (2) testing, and (3) post-test reviews.•A holistic and diversified approach may serve to reach a nursing student population that includes not only dominant groups but also racial/ethnic minorities, and ESL, low income, and first-generation nursing students.•Pre-test active learning, testing, and post-test reviews strategies introduced in this paper can be implemented by faculty.
Testing is often a dominant method of student evaluation and assessment in nursing programs. Test scores can impact students, faculty, programs of nursing, and society. A holistic and diversified approach may serve to reach a nursing student population that includes not only dominant groups but also racial/ethnic minorities, and ESL, low income, and first-generation nursing students. Student success on faculty-constructed tests is enhanced by knowledge, test-taking skills, remediation, and confidence. Faculty can cultivate these attributes through a consistent, holistic approach to three interrelated components of testing, (1) pre-test active learning activities, (2) testing, and (3) post-test reviews.
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