Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) material is currently being produced in different configurations and widely applied to strengthening and retrofit concrete structures and bridges. It is also possible ...to apply other strengthening methods without changing the appearance or the dimensions of the structure. Near Surface Mounted (NSM) is a recent strengthening method using CFRP bars (rods or laminate strips) bonded into pre-cut grooves applied to the concrete cover of the elements to be strengthened. These FRP bars can help increase the flexural and shear capacity of existing concrete members as well. This article aims to present the experimental and numerical results gained separately from un-strengthened and strengthened beams under bending loading. In the experimental part, two large-scale fixed-end support reinforced concrete beams of the same size, and reinforcement characteristic was designed, constructed, and tested under one point concentrated loading system. The first specimen used as a control specimen while the second served as the strengthened applying NSM method with a new proposed hand-made CFRP Bar in the laboratory. Moreover; an extra analytical work was carried out using calibration of the analytical models as per the obtained experimental test results. The results and Photographs taken at the selected stages of loading are indicative of the fact that NSM method with FRP bars can be effectively applied to the existing structures in order to increase their flexural capacity, change their crack pattern and decrease final deflection.
In this current submitted manuscript entitled (The NSm proteins of phylogenetically related tospoviruses trigger Sw-5b mediated resistance dissociated of their cell-to-cell movement function by ...Leastro, Mikhail Oliveira; De Oliveira, Athos Silva; Pallás, Vicente; Sánchez-Navarro, Jesús A.; Kormelink, Richard and Resende, Renato Oliveira), we showed:
•The Sw-5b gene has been demonstrated to confer not only resistance against TSWV but to members of five additional tospovirus species.•Bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV), classified in a distinct American subclade, did not trigger a Sw-5b-mediated hypersensitive (HR) response.•NSM point mutations C118Y and T120N seem to abrogate Sw-5b-mediated HR for tospoviruses phylogenetically-related to TSWV.•The NSM protein triggers Sw-5b-mediated HR dissociated of its cell-to-cell movement function.
The cell-to-cell movement protein (NSM) of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been recently identified as the effector of the single dominant Sw-5b resistance gene from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Although most TSWV isolates shows a resistance-inducing (RI) phenotype, regular reports have appeared on the emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) isolates in tomato fields, and suggested a strong association with two point mutations (C118Y and T120N) in the NSM protein. In this study the Sw-5b gene has been demonstrated to confer not only resistance against TSWV but to members of five additional, phylogenetically-related classified within the so-called “American” evolutionary clade, i.e., Alstroemeria necrotic streak virus (ANSV), chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV). Remarkably, bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV), a recently discovered tospovirus classified in a distinct American subclade and circulating on the American continent, did not trigger a Sw-5b-mediated hypersensitive (HR) response. Introduction of point mutations C118Y and T120N into the NSM protein of TSWV, TCSV and CSNV abrogated the ability to trigger Sw-5b-mediated HR in both transgenic-N. benthamiana and tomato isolines harboring the Sw-5b gene whereas it had no effect on BeNMV NSM. Truncated versions of TSWV NSM lacking motifs associated with tubule formation, cell-to-cell or systemic viral movement were made and tested for triggering of resistance. HR was still observed with truncated NSM proteins lacking 50 amino acids (out of 301) from either the amino- or carboxy-terminal end. These data altogether indicate the importance of amino acid residues C118 and T120 in Sw-5b-mediated HR only for the NSM proteins from one cluster of tospoviruses within the American clade, and that the ability to support viral cell-to-cell movement is not required for effector functionality.
AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear finite-element (FE) analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with prestressed or non-prestressed near-surface ...mounted (NSM) carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement. In this model, the bond-slip relationship between the steel reinforcement and surrounding concrete as well as that between the NSM CFRP reinforcement and concrete substrate are precisely modeled with cohesive interface elements. Based on the smeared crack approach, the tensile and shear behavior for concrete cracking are considered using appropriate models. The prestressing effect was enforced in the NSM CFRP reinforcement using the equivalent temperature method, and the anchoring effect of U-shaped steel end anchors on the NSM CFRP reinforcement is properly implemented in the model. Moreover, the radial stresses induced by the tensile steel bars on the surrounding concrete are properly considered, and the bar-end concrete cover separation failure mode is successfully captured. Comparisons between the numerical and experimental results confirm that the proposed FE method is appropriate for predicting the load-deflection curves, failure modes, and cracking patterns of the strengthened beams. Based on this study, the 2D FE model is utilized to conduct a parametric study and can be used to aid in realistic structural applications and optimization of the use of prestressed/non-prestressed NSM reinforcement for strengthening RC beams.
•NSM CFRP strip was modelled efficiently as embedded reinforcement in cement adhesive.•Developed FE models are able to simulate the experimental aspects accurately.•Developed FE models can be used in ...the design of NSM CFRP-strengthened RC members.
The use of near-surface mounted (NSM) carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a promising technique for strengthening deficient reinforced concrete members. In order to shed further light on this technique, the finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the bond behaviour between NSM CFRP strips and concrete substrate with cement-based adhesive in single-lap shear tests. Non-linear FEM software ATENA 3-D was used in this study. The developed numerical models can predict the experimental aspects reasonably well and can be used in the design of reinforced concrete members strengthened with NSM CFRP strips.
Reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in flexure using externally bonded (EB) or near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRP) and metals have gained considerable interest over the ...last few decades. As few of the previous review papers concerned with NSM elements or both EB and NSM methods so this paper aimed to review the previous research that handled the behavior of RC beams strengthened by NSM and EB techniques, compared their advantages and disadvantages and reported the future recommendations. Moreover, the review focused on the effect of strengthening materials (metallic and FRP materials), strengthening method, strengthening elements characteristics (shape and area), and any other factors affecting the performance of the strengthened RC beams in each technique. The review demonstrated that the strengthening element’s failure mode significantly affects the RC beams’ load-carrying capacity strengthened by EB or NSM. Moreover, the type of FRP materials and the end anchorage significantly affect the load efficiency of the strengthened RC beams depending on the type of failure mode.
AbstractThe electromechanical piping systems of buildings either hang or pass through reinforced concrete (RC) beams and thus induce longitudinal and transverse holes. According to the literature, ...the small longitudinal hole has a minor effect on the strength and stiffness of the RC beam and thus can be ignored. However, a large hole has a significant impact on strength and stiffness and should be considered in the design. The reduction in stiffness and strength of RC beams with a large longitudinal hole can be recovered with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite material. This paper aims to study the effectiveness of different strengthening schemes with near-surface mounted carbon FRP (NSM-CFRP) for simply-supported RC beams with a longitudinal circular hole. The nonlinear finite-element (NLFE) model was proposed and then validated with 10 experimental tests from literature and in house by the authors. The NLFE model was employed to study the key parameters affecting the hollow RC beams, including the hole size, location, and strengthening with the NSM-CFRP strips scheme. The results showed that for the unstrengthen RC beams with a large hole, the optimal location was near the neutral axis with minimal reduction in strength and stiffness. For the same number of NSM-CFRP strips, the bottom strengthening scheme was less effective than the side scheme. The effectiveness of the combined (bottom and sides) strengthening schemes depended on the hole location, with the optimal hole location at the bottom compared to the middle of the beam.
Nowhere is the interface between language, culture and cognition more clearly visible than in word meanings and in cases of translational non-equivalence between words of different languages. One ...such case is that of the meanings of stage-of-life words in different languages. This paper presents a contrastive analysis between the English boy and the Italian ragazzo made adopting the principles and methods of cross-linguistic semantics. The analysis demonstrates that the semantic non-equivalence between these two stage-of-life words results from the different age and time spans covered by each word and different cultural assumptions about the transition to manhood, showing how these differences are reflected in discourse in the respective languages. First, a discourse analysis is made for each word; after that, two separate semantic explications are produced with the Natural Semantic Metalanguage methodology and then contrasted to highlight the differences in meaning and the role of culture in the formation of different conceptualisations of the human life cycle.
Meaning has been established pervasively as a central concept throughout disciplines that were involved in cognitive revolution. Its metaphoric usage comes to be, first and foremost, through the ...interpreter's constraint: representational relationships and contents are considered to be in the "eye" or mind of the observer and shared properties among observers themselves are knowable through interlinguistic phenomena, such as translation. Despite the instability of meaning in relation to its underdetermination by reference, it can be a
or "third comparator" for extended human cognition if gauged through invariants that exist in transfer processes such as translation, as all languages and cultures are rooted in pan-human experience and, thus, share and express species-specific ontology. Meaning, seen as a cognitive competence, does not stop outside of the body but extends, depends, and partners with other agents and the environment. A novel approach for exploring the transfer properties of some constituent items of the original natural semantic metalanguage in English, that is, semantic primitives, is presented: FrameNet's semantic frames, evoked by the primes SEE and FEEL, were extracted from EuroParl, a parallel corpus that allows for the automatic word alignment of items with their synonyms. Large Ontology Multilingual Extraction was used. Afterward, following the Semantic Mirrors Method, a procedure that consists back-translating into source language, a translatological examination of translated and original versions of items was performed. A fully automated pipeline was designed and tested, with the purpose of exploring associated frame shifts and, thus, beginning a research agenda on their alleged universality as linguistic features of translation, which will be complemented with and contrasted against further massive feedback through a citizen science approach, as well as cognitive and neurophysiological examinations. Additionally, an embodied account of frame semantics is proposed.
Neutrosophic theory alleviates the ambiguity situation more effectively than fuzzy sets. Neutrosophic soft set deals with the combination of truth, indeterminacy and falsity membership. This provides ...a space for the convention with multi-aspect decision-making (MADM) problems that involve these combinations. The main aim of this paper is to provide a unique ranking for the alternatives to overcome the existing drawbacks in the said environment. Initially, a new score function and the weighted neutrosophic vector are discussed. Secondly, to show the supremacy of the proposed score function a comparison analysis is discussed between the existing score method and the proposed approach. Thirdly, algorithm and flowchart are discussed for the case study. Lastly, a new technique for ranking the alternatives is discussed which enables us to determine the unique highest score. The working model is illustrated with suitable examples to authenticate the tool and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the planned approach. Keywords: Single valued neutrosophic sets, Neutrosophic soft matrix (NSM), weighted neutrosophic vector, Score and value function, Multi-aspect decision-analysis.
This paper presents the main features of a finite element FE numerical model developed using the computer code FEMIX to predict the contribution of near-surface mounted (NSM) carbon-fibre-reinforced ...polymer (CFRP) rods to the shear repair of corroded reinforced concrete RC beams. In the RC beams repaired in shear with the NSM technique, the CFRP rods are placed inside grooves pre-cut into the concrete cover of the RC beam’s lateral faces and are bonded to the concrete with high performance epoxy adhesive. Experimental and 3D numerical modelling results are presented here in terms of load–deflection curves and failure modes for 4 short corroded beams: two corroded beams (A1CL3-B and A1CL3-SB) and two control beams (A1T-B and A1T-SB), the beams noted B were repaired in bending only with NSM CFRP rods while those noted SB were repaired in both bending and shear with the NSM technique. The corrosion of the tensile steel bars and its effect on the shear capacity of the RC beams is discussed. Results show that the FE model is able to capture the main aspects of the experimental load–deflection curves of the RC beams. They also present the experimental failure modes and FE numerical modelling crack patterns, both of which gave similar results for non-shear repaired beams, which showed a diagonal tension mode of failure, and for shear-repaired beams, which failed due to a large flexural crack in the middle of the beams, along with the concrete crushing. Three-dimensional crack patterns were produced for shear-repaired beams in order to investigate the splitting cracks occurring at the middle of the beams and near the support.
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