The establishment of Global Compact for Migration (GCM) was considered as the first important step for the international community to comprehensively address the issue of global migration. However, ...there are certain objectives within the compact that is considered as vague and unfavourable by several states. Previous studies have explored the advantages and disadvantages of GCM but did not address the specific argumentation that creates disagreements between states. This paper uses the theoretical approach from realist perspective to investigate how certain stipulations within the compact are in contrary to certain actors’ interests, specifically the interests of key state actors in global migration governance. Using qualitative methodology, the analysis began by exploring stances of notable states that opposes the compact. The findings discovered that the GCM failed to recognise the core problem of migration itself which is the management of regular and irregular migrants. The result of the study indicates that states’ rejection towards the Global Compact for Migration are mainly driven by the incompatibility of the compact’s goals and objectives with their national interest, particularly concerning sovereignty and national security.
In this case, a unanimous Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia dismissed an appeal against a decision of a single judge of the court, which - in turn - had dismissed an application for ...judicial review of a decision of the Minister to refuse to grant the appellant a Safe Haven Enterprise visa. The appellant advanced a single ground of review, alleging that the primary judge erred in finding that, when considering whether he was satisfied that it was in the national interest to refuse to grant the visa, the Minister had engaged in an active intellectual process in contemplating whether Australia owed non-refoulement obligations in respect of the appellant. Specifically, the appellant argued that the Minister had made an error of the kind identified by the Full Federal Court in 'Acting Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs v CWY20' 2021 FCAFC 195. The Minister (respondent) replied that 'CWY20' was contradicted by the recent decision of the High Court of Australia in 'Plaintiff M1/2021 v Minister for Home Affairs' 2022 HCA 17 and argued that a failure to have regard to Australia's unenacted international non-refoulement obligations cannot constitute a reviewable error.
This research aims to find out why the United States still imposes an economic embargo on Cuba even though Cuba is experiencing an economic crisis and social turmoil that occurred amid the Covid-19 ...pandemic. By using a qualitative method, which places more emphasis on observing the phenomenon and more research into the substance of the meaning of the phenomenon. The data collected comes from literature, scientific journals, and official sources that are accessed via the internet. According to McCusker, K., & Gunaydin, S. (2015), this research is a qualitative descriptive analysis. This research combines Dependency (Dependence), Andre Gunder Frank, and International Economic Sanction Theory. The purpose of this writing is, that the author tries to research and explain based on facts the reasons for the United States still imposing an economic embargo on Cuba even though Cuba is experiencing an economic crisis and social turmoil that occurred amid the Covid-19 pandemic.
Since defense became a vital aspect in a sustainability of a country, its presence were inseparable from a policy-making process, especially foreign policy. A country needs a foreign policy to reach ...the national interest in keeping their existence due to respond several kinds of threats, or challenges in the international environment that was in an anarchic condition. Amidst the rivalries of many interests of various actors, Japan decided to make a change in their policy related with the defense strategy as the plan that Shinzo Abe proposed to finally allow Japan to be more offensive for some cases. As a research objective, this article will analyze how Japan defense policy framework developed from time to time, and mainly talk about how can Japan set aims in their own policy change from defensive to offensive by seeing internal and external factors. Therefore, there’ll be a link between how Japan run the policy as resolutions for several problems that arose surround Japan and prevented any harm or disturbance in national security, as the basic things to make sure the national interests are fulfilled. This research used qualitative method in analyzing the relevancy of internal and external factors towards Japan’s defense strategy, so that this research will contribute in the form of foreign policy analysis
In flagrant violation of international law, Russia has invaded Ukraine. It invokes a right to intervene on humanitarian and security grounds despite the necessary pre-conditions, including UN ...Security Council endorsement, being absent. In Myanmar, the February 2021 military coup has ushered in a new era of serious repression of citizens, violent conflict and human rights violations. ASEAN's 2021 five-point consensus to end the violence and promote conciliation has been largely ignored. These are but two of a number of current global threats which defy unilateral resolution and demand multilateral responses. Others are the looming disasters provoked by climate change; the ongoing Covid pandemic; conflict and the threat of conflict from Syria and Yemen to the South China Sea; the return of repressive Taliban rule in Afghanistan; ferocious civil war in Ethiopia; historically high refugee displacement; and mass migratory movements.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The article reveals the strategy for elimination of corruption threats to national security. It is a system of knowledge about legal and organisational measures aimed at ensuring the supremacy of ...human virtues in public-legal relations at a level that excludes both potential and real threats to human rights, territorial integrity, safe living conditions of citizens and other constitutional values. It is a molar set, the content capacity of which is divided into at least two atomic units – legal norms and the implementation of legal norms. Taken together, both components of the strategy are capable of ensuring the preservation of these values and the development of the nation on this basis on an ongoing basis. The first component is intended to cover the content of legal relations. The second component involves the practical implementation of legal norms. These two variables equally saturate the functional and structural content of the security of national interests. Accordingly, the security of the nation exists only under the condition of the implementation of law-making and law-enforcement operations, which is possible only at the level of the institutionalisation of these processes. Any replacement of an institution by a person, of public interest by private interest, of law by its visibility, of freedom by force, determines the operational and/or strategic dysfunction of law, which leads to the loss of meaningful national values. It is determined that the hierarchy of initial relations of key concepts for understanding corruption distortions, the essential content of national interests and the relationship of corruption acts with the level of threats to Ukraine's national security form the ontological basis of the strategy for eliminating such threats. This basis should also include the principles of its creation, updating, implementation and monitoring of effectiveness. This is the introductory part of the strategy. In the substantive part of the strategy, it is necessary to specify the goal, tasks and areas of national interests, as well as the subjects of its implementation, effectiveness control and renewal. These subjects include all public authorities, civil organisations and each citizen. The main responsibility for the effectiveness of this approach lies not only with specialised anti-corruption bodies, but necessarily with all national public authorities. It is emphasised that there will be a system of control over such performers within the already existing infrastructure of public authorities and with detailed rules on the limits of control by citizens, the legal possibilities of which should be wide enough to ensure that this control remains an effective tool for ensuring the provisions of the specified strategy, including the possibility for citizens to use legal procedures of vigilantism. Separate sections of this strategy should be devoted to detailed rules for strengthening national security through transnational connections and digital technological resources. The secret part of the strategy should contain rules for using the nation's permanent and situational advantages, its individual features and other resources at a particular moment in time, as well as in the short, medium and long term. This part should also reflect the algorithms for determining the nature and qualities of these advantages, timely verification of their emergence and transformation. The author establishes that all these rules and algorithms should be combined with the rules for determining the changing nature of corruption acts and corruption subjects and their criminal accomplices.
Each state should maintain their sovereignty as a whole, especially on their territory which includes air, land and sea. However, Indonesia has not been fully sovereign in its airspace. For instance, ...Air Traffic Control (ATC) is still controlling flight identification zones in Western Indonesia, such as Serawak, Tanjung Pinang, Malacca Peninsula, Natuna and Riau Islands. This was a threat because when the Indonesian Armed Forces aircraft on patrol and training had to report to the Singapore ATC, economically it also required Indonesia to pay fees to Singapore if it passed through the area.This research aims to shows the Indonesian interest in taking over the Flight Information Region (FIR) in a bid to safeguard the sovereignty of Indonesia. The method in this research is qualitative method that describes and explains research problems related to the topics discussed and triangulates methods and data. This research uses the concept of national interest, where the state has ability to protect and defend its national interests sovereignly by making various policies.The results of this research show that the interest of Indonesia is to fully maintain their sovereignty by making Law No. 1 of 2009 concerning about Aviation and Government Regulation No. 4 of 2018 concerning Security of the Republic of Indonesia Airspace, improving human resources and technology. On an international scale, efforts continue to be made through the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) so that the FIR managed by the Singapore ATC can be managed by Indonesia. Thus, any diplomatic and foreign aircraft security clearance processed through the Indonesian government.
Keywords: National Interest, Sovereignty, Air Sovereignty, Territory Control
Abstrak
Kedaulatan setiap negara harus dijaga secara keseluruhan, pada konteks ini adalah kedaulatan wilayah yang mencakup udara, darat dan laut. Namun Indonesia belum berdaulat dalam udara sepenuhnya. Bagian barat Indonesia, seperti Serawak, Tanjung Pinang, Semenanjung Malaka, Natuna dan Kepulauan Riau dalam mengelola zona identifikasi penerbangan dikuasai oleh Air Traffic Control (ATC) Singapura. Hal ini menjadi ancaman karena saat pesawat Tentara Nasional Indonesia dalam patroli maupun latihan melapor ke Singapura, secara ekonomi juga mengharuskan Indonesia untuk membayar biaya kepada Singapura jika melewati wilayah tersebut. Tujuan penelitian yaitu menunjukkan kepentingan Indonesia dalam mengambil alih Flight Information Region (FIR) sebagai upaya untuk menjaga kedaulatan Indonesia. Metode dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode kualitatif yang mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan permasalahan penelitian terkait topik yang dibahas dan melakukan triangulasi metode dan data. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep national interest yaitu kemampuan negara dalam melindungi maupun mempertahankan kepentingan nasionalnya secara berdaulat dengan mengeluarkan berbagai kebijakan. Hasil penelitian ini, kepentingan Indonesia adalah menjaga kedaulatan sepenuhnya dengan membuat Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan serta Peraturan Pemerintah No. 4 Tahun 2018 tentang Pengamanan Wilayah Udara Republik Indonesia, meningkatkan sumber daya manusia dan meningkatkan teknologi. Pada skala internasional terus dilakukan upaya melalui International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) agar FIR yang dikelola oleh ATC Singapura dapat dikelola oleh Indonesia sehingga izin diplomatik dan izin keamanan pesawat asing melalui pemerintah Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: Kepentingan Nasional, Kedaulatan, Kedaulatan Udara, Pengelolaan Wilayah
The South China Sea conflict has involved many parties, including the Philippines. In defending one of the most strategic islands, the Spratly Islands, the Philippines has exerted its hard power by ...increasing its military power strategy. By engaging the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and working with the U.S., the Philippines can increase its military power. The prior studies have only explored how the dispute in SCS is caused by maritime growth, and some have found the effective way to solve the issue is from the liberal perspective. This study uses a power politics approach to the Philippines' strategy to defend the Spratly Islands and its surroundings in the South China Sea dispute. It analyzes the Philippines' interests in the Spratly islands. The research was conducted using qualitative methods through literature study, and the data were analyzed, then described to obtain a complete picture of the answers to the problems studied. This finding explores how the Philippines' defense strategy works and how it is generated. The results of this study indicate that the defense strategy in the Spratly Islands is generated by the national interests of the Philippines, especially in the economic field.
This paper reports a study of Pakistani undergraduate students' motivation to learn English, using Dörnyei's (2009) L2 Motivational Self System as the main theoretical framework, while including some ...context-specific factors. The purpose of the study was both to contribute to the ongoing validation of Dörnyei's model for describing contemporary L2 motivation and to capture motivational factors which were salient in this under-researched global context. A survey was designed and administered to over 1000 undergraduates in various institutions in the Pakistani province of Punjab. Correlation and regression analyses of the data provide considerable empirical support for the validity of the L2 Motivational Self System and its relevance in the Pakistani context, with attitudes to the learning experience and the Ideal L2 self again found to be the strongest predictors of learning effort. However, a proposed new construct – National Interest – made a strong contribution to the Ideal L2 self, highlighting the need to understand the association of English with the national identities and interests of learners.
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