Supplier non‐performance is an ever present problem for an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) buyer and past survey‐based research has shown that increasing supplier competition adversely affects ...their performance. Using a reverse auction setting in which supplier competition is determined by number (n) of participating suppliers (bidders), we show how buyer's exposure to supplier non‐performance risk is influenced by n. In particular, we characterize conditions under which supplier non‐performance risk is increasing in n. We then formulate a buyer's decision on the optimal n for uniformly distributed costs that allows it to resolve its cost vs. risk trade‐off. We further investigate other strategies like dual sourcing, better screening, and lower threshold on acceptable bids, that the buyer can use, together with limiting n, to limit non‐performance risk and control its overall procurement cost. Managerially, our findings indicate that an OEM buyer procuring non‐strategic (non‐critical) components could increase its exposure to supplier non‐performance risk by leveraging too much competition, especially among small entrant suppliers. In such situations a buyer can manage its input cost and risk by limiting supplier competition.
. Contrary to the first impression given by the sources, there is no dispute among late classical lawyers as to whether a creditor can obtain compensation for an immaterial loss. Rather, the only ...disputed issue is whether a creditor can demand compensation for performance of monetary value even if it had benefitted a third party. Papinian and Paul affirm this with reference to the precept of
. Tryphonin focuses on the creditor’s freedom of disposal: If the creditor can claim his interest in a hypothetical sale of the object of performance, he must also be entitled to do so if he wants to pass it on free of charge and thus prove his generosity.
The provisions of Article 59815 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, in conjunction with Article 59816 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, enabling the threat of an order for payment and an order for ...payment for improper performance and non-performance of contacts, were found by the Constitutional Court in its Judgment dated 22 June 2022, to be incompatible with the provisions of Article 48 section 1, 2nd sentence, and Article 72 section 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland insofar as they cover situations in which the events covered by the disposition of the provisions under review are related to the behavior of the child, not caused by the person under whose custody the child is placed. The effectiveness and efficiency of proceedings for the performance of contacts, which have so far been alleged to be lengthy and ineffective in the wake of the judgment, will be significantly reduced, as courts reviewing applications filed under the provisions under review will be forced to examine whether there are any factual circumstances that may justify the unconstitutionality of the decisions. The study, in a synthetic form, includes a description of the circumstances surrounding the issuance of the judgment, the arguments adopted by the Constitutional Court and the postulated legislative actions, while focusing on the analysis of the negative consequences of the Judgment in the sphere of the application of contact performance regulations.
Numerous provisions are connected to the notion of "the fundamental breach of the contract" in the International Convention on the International Sale of Goods (ICISG) among which are the right to ...cancel of the seller and buyer, right of the buyer to request the substitute goods, transferring the transactional guarantee and the predictable breach. The aforementioned concept is one of the most important and challenging concepts in the said Convention. Other international documents have used "fundamental non-performance of the contract" instead of that concept. The present article aims to answer this question that whether "fundamental breach of the contract" and "fundamental non-performance of the contract" are a single concept or are two distinct concepts, and if they are two different concepts, what are their similarities and distinctions? In order to answer this question, these two concepts are studied and analyzed in terms of definition, elements and effects. In the end, we will examine whether these concepts or similar cases are mentioned in Iranian civil law, and if not, to what extent are Iranian legal entities closely associated with these concepts? The Through this study it is determined that despite the difference in the definition, elements and effects of these two concepts, there is no substantive and basic difference between them. Furthermore, however the concept of a fundamental breach is not seen in the Iranian civil law, the mechanism embedded in the law of Iran (options) is close to the mechanism of the ICISG. In addition, the external instances of termination under Iranian civil law are far less than the external instances of termination under International Sale Convention.
The term communitas, introduced into anthropological discourse by Victor Turner in the late 1960s, returned to humanist debates at the threshold of the twenty-first century by way of Roberto ...Esposito. Referring to Esposito’s concept of communitas, this essay brings out the anthropological tradition in thinking about the common, which Esposito had marginalized. The present author emphasized the importance of processuality and antistructural dimensions of egalitarian forms of togetherness, along with their potential to liberate human capacities of creativity. Examining the relation between munus and ludus, she shows theatricality residing immanently in the root of communitas. Focusing on the aesthetic and creative dimensions of togetherness helps in detecting multiple forms of commonality, and indicates various models of theatrical communitas. Exploring a nonnormative, transformative potential in experimental theater (Jerzy Grotowski, Sarah Kane, Ron Athey, Krzysztof Garbaczewski), she emphasizes collective, temporal, and excessive natures of theater that eschews the market-driven economy, along with the importance of a transversal communitas where the human being is only one of many actors. Some threads of the argumentation are expanded upon in a conversation with Leszek Kolankiewicz, included as an appendix.
O artigo pretende analisar o manejo da exceção de contrato não cumprido no âmbito do fenômeno da coligação contratual, a partir da revisão da doutrina especializada. Para tanto, analisar-se-ão, em ...primeiro lugar, os requisitos da exceptio, a saber: (a) correspectividade entre as prestações, que deve ser avaliada não só sob perspectiva estrutural, mas também funcional; (b) coetaneidade do adimplemento, requisito que deve abarcar, por analogia, o contraente cuja prestação seja prevista como posterior; (c) inadimplemento do excepto; (d) boa-fé do excipiente. Passar-se-á, em seguida, à análise dos efeitos da exceção de contrato não cumprido, notadamente o dilatório, que suspende a exigibilidade da prestação a cargo do excipiente. Discorrer-se-á, ainda, sobre os elementos dos contratos coligados, quais sejam, pluralidade de negócios jurídicos e conexão funcional entre eles. E, por fim, investigar-se-á como a exceção de contrato não cumprido opera no âmbito de contratos coligados, concluindo-se que não basta o mero inadimplemento de um contrato para que se oponha a exceptio em relação ao pacto a ele coligado: mister que exista nexo de sinalagmaticidade entre a prestação inadimplida pela parte em um contrato e a prestação devida pela contraparte no outro contrato.
The exception of contract non-performance implies that the person exercising it is the debtor ofa due obligation and that s/he has no other reason to refuse to perform his/her contractualobligation ...than the other party's refusal to perform its correlated obligation. Therefore, exceptionon adimpleti contractus is a preventive remedy, i.e. it prevents the situation where one of thecontracting parties performs its own obligation and can no longer obtain anything from the otherparty.
Este artigo objetiva analisar o efeito indenizatório da resolução por inadimplemento absoluto, a partir de crítica revisão bibliográfica e jurisprudencial, com base no método lógico-dedutivo. ...Busca-se sublinhar que, diante do inadimplemento absoluto, nasce para o credor o direito potestativo de optar entre a execução pelo equivalente e a resolução da relação obrigacional. Neste caso, inaugura-se entre as partes a chamada relação de liquidação, no âmbito da qual podem ser produzidos os efeitos liberatório, restitutório e indenizatório, que visam a colocar as partes na hipotética situação econômico-jurídica em que estariam, no presente, caso o contrato descumprido sequer houvesse sido pactuado. Por essa razão, o efeito indenizatório deve se pautar, de regra, pelo interesse negativo do credor, o que não afasta a possibilidade, ainda que excepcional, de se considerar o interesse positivo em situações bastante específicas.
PDF
