When a debtor’s insolvency proceedings open, the bankrupt debtor’s non-performance of their contractual obligation either continues or occurs anew under the insolvency procedures due to the mandatory ...standstill imposed by the procedures. The author’s main argument in this paper is that, regardless of whether the contract in question is executory, (1) a creditor can claim damages caused by such non-performance as an insolvency claim or a subordinate insolvency claim, but (2) the creditor should not be authorized to terminate the contract based on such non-performance after the commencement of the insolvency proceedings. The creditor’s exercise of a new termination right under the insolvency procedures should, in principle, be restricted to ensure the unified and orderly liquidation of contractual relationships. The author introduces the Korean Ministry of Justice’s recent, preliminarily proposed amendment to Korean insolvency law concerning these issues, makes some critical comments on the adopted proposal, and suggests an alternative.
A financing company is a business institution that runs financing activity in procurement of goods and or services (POJK No. 29/2014). Financing company development in urban area, especially in ...Salatiga area has been experiencing great progress, as a numerous financing companies have opened their branches in Salatiga. The research aims to classify PT. XYZ Finance Salatiga branch customer distribution by using Geographical Information System that it is practical for the company to determine potential market in order to grow the number of potential customer. Within the research there are GIS activity steps that cover arranging spatial and non spatial demography data of Salatiga and customers distribution region’s description in Salatiga. Bad credits distribution in PT. XYZ Salatiga branch has its biggest percentage in Argomulyo district that almost reach 51% from total credit plafond (outstanding principal) given. The research result will be able to help the company to make business decision related to determining the eligibility of prospective customers.
Este trabajo tiene por objeto demostrar que el artículo 1569 del Código Civilconsagra dos reglas diversas, aunque estrechamente relacionadas: la identidad del pago y laidentidad de la cosa debida. ...Para alcanzar dicho objeto se desarrollan tres ideas en particular.Primero, que ordinariamente, tanto en la doctrina como en la jurisprudencia, se confunde laidentidad del pago con la identidad de la cosa debida. En segundo lugar, que ambas reglasson diversas: la identidad del pago implica necesariamente un cumplimiento o pago perfecto,mientras que la identidad del objeto debido no necesariamente. En fin, en tercer lugar, seexplica cómo estas ideas se plasman en el artículo 1569 del Código Civil y cómo la referidanorma se incardina con el derecho de los contratos, especialmente con la disciplina del incumplimiento.
The unjustified enrichment law creates an independent source of obligations, which for historic reasons often overlaps with other fields of private law-the law of delict, property law, contract law, ...and negotiorum gestio. This raises many issues concerning the relationship between enrichment claims and other private law claims. The paper examines the issue whether the enrichment claim has a subsidiary role and is excluded in the event that the creditor disposes of a more specific claim based on contract, tort or ownership. In doing so it analyses the principle of subsidiarity and examines the role of unjustified enrichment in the system of private law. While the discussion mainly focuses on the Slovenian law of unjustified enrichment, it takes into consideration the approaches adopted in selected foreign jurisdictions.
Rules on restitution for improvements made to someone else's property can be found in various branches of Slovenian private law, such as the law of unjustified enrichment, negotiorum gestio, contract ...law and property law. Even though to some extent these rules deal with very similar situations, they differ in various aspects. While some of them are more favourable to the creditors in getting as much of their investment back as possible, others are more inclined toward protecting the debtor against forced financing of another's economic decisions. This paper discusses some open dilemmas concerning restitution of improvements made to someone else's property in Slovenian contract law. More precisely, it deals with restitutionary consequences of failed sales, lease and construction contracts and approaches this topic from a comparative perspective.
Probit model was applied on the non-performance loans (NPL) of eight quarters, quarter 1— quarter 8, in determining the significant quarter before the bank was declared failure. The result of the ...Probit estimates found that as early as one-year ahead (4th quarter-ahead) bank-failure can be alerted and predicted. The NPL of the 4th quarter was a significant predictor of bank failure. The estimates of the model correctly predicts 89.6 percent of the U.S. banks that failed and 97.6 percent of the banks that survived during 2008-2010. Overall, the estimated model correctly predicts 95.5 percent of the observations (89.6 percent of the failure =0 and 97.6 percent of the survival=1 observations).The paper provides policy prescription that bank managements and bank regulators should pay attention to the early quarter(s) that are significant factor (s) for bank failure.
Realizarea principiului reparării integrale a prejudiciului suportat în rezultatul neexecutării obligației contractuale presupune compensarea prejudiciului în totalitatea elementelor din care acesta ...este compus, inclusiv prejudiciul viitor, profitul ratat și pierderea unei șanse. Elementele ce constituie obiect al prezentului studiu pot fi reunite sub o categorie generică – prejudiciu potențial – și se caracterizează prin aceea că sunt influențate într-o măsură mai mare sau mai mică de factorul aleatoriu, care afectează certitudinea producerii, dar mai ales a întinderii potențialului prejudiciu. Acest fapt face dificilă cuantificarea exactă a elementelor vizate ale prejudiciului și, respectiv, îngreunează sarcina judecătorului de a stabili despăgubirea adecvată a victimei neexecutării obligației contractuale. FUTURE DAMAGE, LOSS OF PROFIT AND LOSS OF CHANCE – ELEMENTS OF RECOVERABLE DAMAGE ARISING FROM NON-PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONThe principle of full compensation for the damage arising from the non-performance of the contractual obligation involves recovering for the damage in all its elements, including future damage, loss of profit and loss of chance. The elements that are the subject of this study can be grouped under a generic category – potential damage and are characterized by being influenced to a greater or lesser extent by the random factor, which affects the certainty of occurrence, but especially the extent of potential damage. This makes it difficult to quantify exactly the elements of the damage and, respectively, makes it difficult for the judge to determine the appropriate compensation for the victim of non-performance of the contractual obligation.
Automatic configuration tuning helps users who intend to improve software performance. However, the auto-tuners are limited by the huge configuration search space. More importantly, they focus only ...on performance improvement while being unaware of other important user intentions (e.g., reliability, security). To reduce the search space, researchers mainly focus on pre-selecting performance-related parameters which requires a heavy stage of dynamically running under different configurations to build performance models. Given that other important user intentions are not paid attention to, we focus on guiding users in pre-selecting performance-related parameters in general while warning about side-effects on non-performance intentions. We find that the configuration document often, if it does not always, contains rich information about the parameters' relationship with diverse user intentions, but documents might also be long and domain-specific.
In this paper, we first conduct a comprehensive study on 13 representative software containing 7,349 configuration parameters, and derive six types of ways in which configuration parameters may affect non-performance intentions. Guided by this study, we design SafeTune, a multi-intention-aware method that preselects important performance-related parameters and warns about their side-effects on non-performance intentions. Evaluation on target software shows that SafeTune correctly identifies 22--26 performance-related parameters that are missed by state-of-the-art tools but have significant performance impact (up to 14.7x). Furthermore, we illustrate eight representative cases to show that SafeTune can effectively prevent real-world and critical side-effects on other user intentions.
Resumen La declaratoria del estado de emergencia, a causa de la pandemia de la covid-19, exige un análisis de la vigencia de las relaciones contractuales y cómo estas pueden verse afectadas por ...eventos extraordinarios, imprevisibles e irresistibles que impidan el cumplimiento de las prestaciones, así como aquellos casos en los que la alteración de las circunstancias puede llevar a que una de las partes exija al juez recomponga el contenido de la prestación pactada o la resolución del contrato.
The Coronavirus health emergency has paralyzed or slowed down an important part of economic activities, including passenger air transport, causing the cancellation of flights, which translates into a ...case of contractual breach of the carrier against the passenger. In order to address what response is followed by our legislation against a cancellation due to a force majeure –assuming that the pandemic by COVID-19 is one–, this paper pretends, first of all, resolve the issue regarding the regulations applicable to the air transport contract. Later, the general hypotheses of non-performance of the air transport contract by non-execution of the trip in the agreed terms, and what rights does the passenger have against said non-compliance. Next, the options of the passenger facing a flight canceled by force majeure, and the effects that the latter produces in the contract are discussed. Finally, are analyzed the duties and obligations of the air carrier once the activity has been reactivated, and the liability that it bears for an eventual contagion.
La emergencia sanitaria por Coronavirus ha paralizado o ralentizado gran parte de las actividades económicas, dentro de las cuales se halla el transporte aéreo de pasajeros, provocando la cancelación de vuelos, lo que se traduce en un caso de incumplimiento contractual del porteador frente al pasajero. Para abordar qué respuesta se sigue de nuestra legislación frente a una cancelación por un caso fortuito –asumiendo que la pandemia por COVID-19 es uno–, este trabajo pretende, en primer lugar, resolver la cuestión respecto a la normativa aplicable al contrato de transporte aéreo. Posteriormente, analizar las hipótesis generales de incumplimiento del contrato de transporte aéreo por inejecución del viaje en los términos convenidos, y qué derechos tiene el pasajero frente a dicho incumplimiento. Enseguida, se abordan las opciones del pasajero frente a un vuelo cancelado por un caso fortuito, y los efectos que este último produce en el contrato. Finalmente, se analizan los deberes y obligaciones del transportista aéreo una vez reactivada la actividad, y la responsabilidad que le cabe por un eventual contagio.
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