This article contributes to examinations of structural violence and flagship architectural projects. Neoliberal urbanism contributes to European urban stakeholders' efforts to increasingly become ...entrepreneurial forces, generating intense competition investment and tourism. There is a multitude of marketing initiatives, but the inclusion of cultural flagship projects is notably prevalent, particularly after the exemplary success of the Guggenheim Museum that served as a model for the 'Cidade da Cultura' (CdC) cultural museum in the Spanish city, Santiago de Compostela. While the claim to promote culture and tourism is a common assertion, this project is highly political in nature. This article demonstrates that the allure of progress via the production of a 'modern' urban cultural icon obscured the structural violence of the project. Indeed, flagship architectural projects can be employed as a mechanism of exclusion. I argue that the CdC is best understood by attending to how the project concealed the production of political structural violence (i.e., economic and autocratic governance). In this case, public was excluded at the expense of an elite few CdC stakeholders' funding priorities to attempt to forge a project for their own benefit.
Explaining outcomes of decision-making at the European level has occupied scholars since the late 1950s, yet analysts continue to disagree on the most important factors in the process. In this book, ...which was originally published in 2006, Arne Niemann examines the interplay of the supranational, governmental and non-governmental actors involved in EU integration, along with the influence of domestic, supranational and international structures. The book restates and develops neofunctionalism as an approach for explaining decisions in the European Union and assesses the usefulness of the revised neofunctionalist framework on three case studies: the emergence and development of the PHARE programme, the reform of the Common Commercial Policy, and the communitarisation of visa, asylum and immigration policy. Niemann argues that this classic theory can be modified in such a way as to draw on a wider theoretical repertoire and that many micro-level concepts can sensibly be accommodated within his larger neofunctionalist framework.
This article deals with cross-border cooperation analysed in terms of cooperation that takes place between organisations in particular societal institutions and in a cross-border context. The concept ...on which this study is based is path dependence understood in terms of its function in explaining the creation of institutions in societal life. The aim of this article was to determine the sustainability of trans-border partnerships initiated within the framework of the PHARE CBC Programme in Poland. Three major rules governing the system of cooperation in border regions in Poland have been identified in the course of this analysis: the dependence of the activities of organisations cooperating in border regions on external financing; a lack of cross-border organisations recognised as border-region hosts whose position would entitle them to make key decisions concerning the whole area under research; and the significance of the border-region and attractive neighbour locational rent for territorial cooperation.
The early Eocene experienced a series of short-lived global warming events, known as hyperthermals, associated with negative carbon isotope excursions (CIE). The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum ...(PETM or ETM-1) and Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM-2) are the two main events of this Epoch, both marked by massive sea-floor carbonate dissolution. Their timing, amplitude and impacts are rather well documented, but CIEs with lower amplitudes also associated with carbonate dissolution are still poorly studied (e.g. events E1 to H1), especially in the terrestrial realm where hiatus/disconformities and various sedimentary rates in a single succession may complicate the assignation to global isotopic events. Here we present a new high-resolution multi-proxy study on the terrestrial, lagoonal and shallow marine late Paleocene-early Eocene succession from two sites of the Cap d'Ailly area in the Dieppe-Hampshire Basin (Normandy, France). Carbon isotope data (δ13C) on bulk organic matter and higher-plant derived n-alkanes, and K-Ar ages on authigenic glauconite were determined to provide a stratigraphic framework. Palynofacies, distribution and hydrogen isotope values (δ2H) of higher-plant derived n-alkanes allowed us to unravel paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes. In coastal sediments of the Cap d'Ailly area, δ13C values revealed two main negative CIEs, from base to top CIE1 and CIE2, and 3 less pronounced negative excursions older than the NP11 nannofossil biozone. While the CIE1 is clearly linked with the PETM initiation, the CIE2 could either correspond to 1) a second excursion within the PETM interval caused by strong local environmental changes or 2) a global carbon isotopic event that occurred between the PETM and ETM-2. Paleoenvironmental data indicated that both main CIEs were associated with dramatic changes such as eutrophication, algal and/or dinoflagellate blooms along with paleohydrological variations and an increase in seasonality. They revealed that the intervals immediately below these CIEs are also marked by environmental and climatic changes. Thus, this study shows either 1) a PETM marked by at least two distinct intervals of strong environmental and climatic changes or 2) at least one "minor" CIE: E1, E2, F or G, was associated with strong environmental and climatic changes similar to those that occurred during the PETM.
Focused on the performance of the Poland and Hungary Assistance for Restructuring of the Economy (Phare) pre-accession programme for civil society development (CSD) in Bulgaria as a case-study of EU ...performance, the article examines the interplay between outcome and process-based performance by analysing Phare's design and objectives and the domestic players and factors in its implementation. The article combines document research and qualitative data, as well as analysis on the current state of development of the civil society organisations in Bulgaria. It contributes to the study of EU performance in Central and Eastern Europe through drawing conclusions on how the Phare programme contributed to Bulgaria's pre-accession process. The article argues that inappropriate and incomplete policy transfers hinder the performance of EU in domestic CSD. Delivery bottlenecks coupled with centralisation of the design and management structures, and ambivalence in the objectives-setting in CSD lead to a mixed overall performance.
The contribution of event deposits to various basin fills can be very significant, higher than 90% in some cases. Events may lead to the formation of marl–limestone alternations, which can also ...result from cyclic changes in sea level or climate, for example. The marl–limestone alternations of the Late Jurassic of western France contain abundant coarse-grained accumulations that resemble storm deposits described in other western European successions. The detailed analysis of facies evolution and hierarchical, high-frequency stacking pattern of depositional sequences of the Phare de Chassiron section (Ile d'Oléron, western France) allows the controls on marl–limestone formation to be defined. This section contains nearshore and shallow-marine mud deposits that were exposed to high-energy events. Elementary, small-, and medium-scale depositional sequences are defined. The stacking-pattern and the duration of these sequences suggest an orbital control on sedimentation. Precession (20ka) cycles notably controlled the formation of elementary sequences that correspond to marl–limestone alternations. The deposition of marly or carbonate mud occurred in this storm-dominated system because of muddy sea beds, the gentle slope of the shelf, and the great amount of particles in suspension, which reduced water energy resulting from storms. Sediment supply was also sufficient to limit bioturbation and favour the preservation of numerous storm deposits. The production of carbonate mud was localised on positive structures and partly controlled by Milankovitch-scale sea-level cycles. Transport by storms of carbonate mud to the adjacent marly depressions during high carbonate production periods led to the formation of calcareous beds. Marl–limestone alternations in the Late Jurassic of western France therefore result from the combined effects of cyclic changes in carbonate production and high-energy, episodic events.
In western european basins, lowering of relative sea-level during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous led to the widespread deposition in numerous basins of so-called Purbeck facies. Age-assignment ...and long-distance correlations are difficult to establish in such shallow marine to continental deposits, where ammonites are generally lacking. This paper aims to present new biostratigraphical and sedimentological data from the Phare de Chassiron section, located at the western part of the Aquitaine Basin (SW France), where Purbeck beds crop out. Marine bands, interfingered within the Purbeck beds, allow refining the age-assignment of these beds using dinoflagellate cysts, calcareous nannofossils and magnetostratigraphy. Most of the Purbeck beds appear to have a Tithonian age. Uppermost beds of the section, although not precisely dated, are not younger than the Early Berriasian. Field sedimentology, palynofacies and trace-element data (strontium) on carbonates, allow depositional environments to be characterized and a sequence-stratigraphy scheme to be established. This section provides an unique, continuous record, within the Aquitaine Basin, of the final exposure, during the Tithonian, of the former Late Kimmeridgian open-marine platform. The Phare de Chassiron may be considered as one of the most important exposures of Purbeck facies of Tithonian age in Europe.
PDF
