Laryngeal papilloma (LP) is a rare benign disease, caused by recurrent multisite papillomas that are referred to as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). RRP is caused primarily by two types of ...human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV6 and HPV11. The immune dysregulation within the microenvironment of the lesions has been shown to likely play a role in the development of RRP. The present study aimed at analyzing the transcriptional profile of immune response genes and cancer‐related genes in the LP microenvironment. We used the NanoString® nCounter® analysis system to study expression of 730 genes among seven paired samples of LP and healthy laryngeal (HL) tissue. qRT‐PCR and flow cytometric analysis was performed to confirm identified transcripts and follow‐up scores of infiltrating immune cells, respectively. In total, 113 differentially expressed transcripts were detected of which 37 showed increased expression levels and 76 decreased expression levels in the LP samples compared to the HL samples (fold change ≥ 2). Transcripts with increased expression levels included S100As (A7, A8, and A12), CEACAM1, neutrophil activation associated cytokines (IL8), chemokines (CXCL6), and IL receptors, e.g., IL4R. Transcripts with decreased expression in LP were associated with innate and adaptive immunity. Overall, HPV6 and 11 were present in 67% and 33% of the patients, respectively. There was a significant increase in neutrophils and a significant decrease in CD8+ T cells in LP. LP samples display an immune profile characterized by enhanced expression of neutrophilic markers and significantly reduced T cell‐associated markers
Laryngeal papilloma patient samples when compared to surrounding healthy larynx, associated with HPV6 and 11, displayed relatively higher neutrophils and diminished cytotoxic T cells.
A 5-mm diameter mass developed on the nasal planum of a 4.5-y-old castrated male domestic shorthaired cat; the mass was raised ~2 mm above the surrounding skin. Histology revealed focal thickening of ...the epidermis with marked orthokeratosis. Many of the epidermal cells within the mass had prominent papillomavirus-induced changes. A diagnosis of a viral papilloma was made, and a DNA sequence from a novel papillomavirus type was amplified from the lesion. Although the sequence was most similar to other feline papillomavirus types, the low level of similarity was suggestive of a novel papillomavirus genus. There has been no recurrence of the mass or development of additional lesions in the 6 mo since the mass was removed. This is the third cutaneous papilloma reported in a cat; a putative feline papillomavirus type has not been identified previously within these lesions, to our knowledge. Our findings expand the range of lesions associated with papillomaviruses in cats and increase the number of papillomavirus types that infect cats.
Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) is frequently associated with human papilloma virus (HPV). Three cases of PeIN associated with HPV‐type 16 were successfully treated with topical imiquimod and ...concurrent HPV vaccination. Human papilloma vaccine protects against oncogenic human papilloma viruses. In New Zealand, a decline in incidence of PeIN is anticipated with the recent funding of human papilloma vaccine for boys and young men aged 9–26 years. Therefore, HPV vaccination may have a role for treatment of PeIN and prophylaxis.
Domestic dogs are currently recognized as being infected by 25 different canine papillomavirus (CPV) types classified into three genera. A short sequence from a novel CPV type was amplified, along ...with CPV1, from a papilloma (wart) from the mouth of a dog. The entire 7499 bp genome was amplified, and CPV26 contained putative coding regions that were predicted to produce four early proteins and two late ones. The ORF L1 showed less than 62% similarity for all previously sequenced CPV types but over 69% similarity to multiple
types from a variety of Caniform species including the giant panda, Weddel seal, and polar bear. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed CPV26 clusters within the
genus. Specific primers were used to investigate the presence of CPV26 DNA within a series of 37 canine proliferative lesions. CPV26 DNA was amplified from one lesion, a cutaneous papilloma that also contained CPV6. This is the first time a PV type within the
genus has been detected in a non-domestic species and this provides evidence that the omegapapillomaviruses infected a common ancestor of, and then co-evolved with, the Caniform species. Whether CPV26 causes disease is uncertain, but the absence of an E7 protein may suggest low pathogenicity.
Laryngeal papillomas (LP) is a difficult disease to manage due to its frequent recurrence, airway compromise, and risk of cancer. Recently, growing evidence indicates the aberrant expression of ...OGFPD1, a stress granule protein, links closely to the development of tumorigenesis; however, little is known about its role in LP progression. Here, we investigated the tumor promoting action of OGFOD1 in LP. The transcriptional and translational levels of OGFOD1 were significantly up-regulated in LP tissues and cells. Moreover, OGFOD1 promoted viability and proliferation, and inhibited LP cells apoptosis. We further revealed that OGFOD1 was directly targeted by miR-1224-5p, which was significantly down-regulated in LP. Overexpression of the miR-1224-5p suppressed OGFOD1-induced cell proliferation and viability, and promoted apoptosis of LP. In accordance, knockdown of miR-1224-5p inversed the inhibitory effects. In confederation of the central involvement of OGFOD1 in LP progression, targeting the miR-1224-5p/OGFOD1 pathway might provide a novel strategy for LP treatment.
Sinonasal papillomas are characterized by their potential for frequent recurrences and malignant progression. Currently, the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in sinonasal papillomas is ...unclear. A study was conducted to elucidate the impact of HPV infection on recurrence and malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas. One hundred and seven patients with 151 tumors could be examined. One hundred and one patients suffered from benign papilloma, mostly inverted papillomas (IP); six patients suffered from carcinomas in situ and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) ex‐IP. Recurrent IP were more often HPV‐positive than non‐recurrent tumors (38.8% vs. 60%–65%). Low‐risk (LR) HPV infection (especially HPV 6) increased the risk of tumor recurrences (p = 0.0385 and p = 0.0556, respectively). IP and oncocytic papillomas (both lesions are known for their malignant potential) were more often high‐risk (HR) HPV‐positive (15.5% and 16.7%) than fungiform papilloma (which usually does not progress to carcinoma). CIS and SCC ex‐IP displayed higher HPV rates than benign IP (83.3% vs. 38.8%), especially higher rates of HR‐HPV (66.7% vs. 23.8%, p = 0.0415). Data from this study endorse the hypothesis that recurrence of sinonasal papillomas is promoted by LR‐HPV infection and that malignant progression of IP is promoted by HR‐HPV infection.
The impact of HPV infection on recurrences and malignant transformation of sinonasal papillomas is elucidated. HPV infection rate is significantly higher in recurrent papillomas than in non‐recurrent and the highest in papillomas with malignant progression. Most frequent HPV subtypes are HPV 6 in benign recurrent tumors, and HPV 16, 45, and 66 in malignant tumors, along with HPV 90 which is currently described for the first time in sinonasal papillomas. The data suggest that HPV infection is a risk factor for tumor recurrences. Malignant progression seems to be supported by high‐risk HPV genotypes (i.e., 16, 45, 66, and probably 90).
Aims
Pulmonary peripheral glandular papilloma (GP) and mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma (MP) have very similar histological features to pulmonary ciliated muconodular papillary tumour ...(CMPT)/bronchiolar adenoma (BA). The underlying genetic relationships between GP/MP and CMPT/BA have rarely been characterised. We aimed to reveal the relationship between them.
Methods and results
We performed a clinicopathological review and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) study of two GPs and five MPs. Histologically, GPs/MPs showed similar cellular and architectural features to CMPTs/BAs, such as bilayered epithelium, bronchiole‐associated lesions and skipping (discontinuous) growth pattern. One MP showed partial and inconspicuous endobronchiolar growth and more glandular structures, which was very similar to the appearance of CMPT/BA. BRAF V600E mutation was detected in four papillomas (57.1%, one GP and three MPs).
Conclusions
Overlapping morphological features and comparable mutation profiles support that peripheral GPs/MPs and CMPTs/BAs are on the same disease spectrum. We propose expanding the concept of CMPT/BA and including GP and MP in the CMPT/BA family.
Papilloma of the lung is a rare benign entity and can be solitary or multiple. Solitary papilloma is subclassified into three categories: squamous papilloma, glandular papilloma, and mixed squamous ...and glandular papilloma. Glandular papilloma is the rarest subtype among them and occurs mostly in the sixth decade without any relation to smoking, syndrome, or infection. Histology is characterized by mixture of pseudostratified, columnar, nonciliated, mucinous epithelium-lined papillary fronds without any mitoses, necrosis, or atypia. The differential diagnosis can be broad depending upon the histologic features present in a particular case and may include both benign and malignant entities. We present here a patient with glandular endobronchial papilloma showing unusual clinical history and atypical histologic features, which required extensive immunohistochemical evaluation to establish a final diagnosis.
This middle-aged woman presented for the first time to ENT clinic with a complaint of nasal stuffiness.
Computed Tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinuses was performed following clinical review that ...revealed a left intranasal mass.
Due to a radiological suspicion of an inverted papilloma, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the paranasal sinuses was performed.
This, combined with endoscopic biopsy confirmed an inverted papilloma.
Following referral to oral maxillofacial surgery (OMF), 3D modelling was performed using the original CT data to aid surgical planning.
DISCUSSION
Dramatic technological advancements in the fields of medical imaging and computer aided design (CAD) in the past decade have enabled sterolithographic 3D modelling to evolve from a research aspiration to everyday reality.
The widespread availability of high-resolution volumetric data sets, providing isotropic imaging from cross-sectional imaging studies allows for exquisite 3D model production using rapid prototyping techniques.1
Although its domains are ever widening, its use is most established in the fields of oral maxillofacial (OMF) surgery and otolaryngology enabling surgical planning in anatomically complex areas which often require lengthy and complex surgery.2 Similarly, in these fields the 3D modelling assists in prosthesis design and production, with additional professional advantages, such as teaching aids and aiding patient consent.
In this illustrative case a mass occupies the left ethmoidal and frontal sinuses with destruction of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa (Figure 1 A,B) with further delineation on MRI (Figure 2 A,B). This case of an inverted papilloma illustrates the tremendous assistance that 3D modelling offers to the surgeon in examining the anatomical extent of the tumor, visualising their surgical approach and planning the operative procedure. (Figure 3) For example, in this case a combined procedure between the OMF and the neurosurgery departments was undertaken with a bifrontal craniotomy and maxillectomy. Operating times have also been shown to improve following the use of 3D models as preparation prior to surgery is more robust.3
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