•Methodological framework for a new concept, remote park-and-ride scheme.•Cross-nested logit model for combined modal split and traffic assignment.•Extension to the case with asymmetric and ...non-additive travel time functions.•Model for the multimodal stochastic system optimum.•Exact method for the optimal network design based on nonlinear valid inequalities.
Existing park-and-ride (P&R) sites are usually located near a train/bus station where construction and operation costs are considerably high. Thus, this paper proposes a new P&R service mode, “Remote P&R (RPR)”, where the car park locates in a suburban area with lower land value. Dedicated express bus service is used to connect this site and a nearby train station. To quantitatively evaluate the impacts of RPR on the network flows, a combined modal split and traffic assignment model (CMSTA) is developed, where a cross-nested logit (CNL) model is adopted to cope with the mode similarity. The problem is formulated as a convex programming model and solved by the Evans algorithm, and then extended to asymmetric path-based cases, where a variational inequality (VI) model is built and solved by a self-adaptive gradient projection (SAGP) algorithm. Taking the CMSTA as the lower level and multimodal stochastic system optimum (MSSO) as the objective, we further develop a mathematical programming model with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) for the optimal network design of RPR. Based on an origin-based reformulation of the MPEC model, an exact solution method based on the nonlinear valid inequalities (NVI) is applied. Numerical examples demonstrate that the RPR services can significantly influence network users’ travel decisions, promote the usage of public transportation and mitigate traffic congestion in the congested area of metropolitan cities.
A park and ride (P&R) system is a set of facilities where private vehicle users can transfer to public transport to complete their journey. The main advantage of the system is reducing the ...congestions problem in the central business district (CBD). Thus, the notion of symmetry is particularly important in multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) because they are basic characteristics of the binary relationships used in modelling the preferences of decision-makers. The focal point of this study is evaluating the P&R facility system location problem from the experts’ point of view. For this aim, an integrated multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology is proposed to evaluate the location of the facilities of the P&R system. The questionnaire survey was designed and estimated by 10 transport experts in the related field. The famous analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was adopted in a fuzzy environment, where the fuzzy sets have an efficient ability to manage the vague concepts in a specific way; moreover, it can mitigate the evaluator reasoning during decision-making. The hierarchical structure of the problem was established to evaluate a real-life problem in Cuenca city, Ecuador. The outcomes highlighted the “accessibility of public transport” as the most significant issue in the P&R facility location problem. The obtained results provide more flexible facilities than the pure AHP method.
The park and ride (P&R) parking type is usually located near peripheral public transport stops. These parking places are dedicated to people who, after leaving their vehicle in the parking, continue ...their journey to the city center using some form of public transport such as bus, metro, rail or tram systems. This article aims to examine the features associated with P&R parking locations in use in Cracow (Poland). The analysis included the number of entries and exits to and from parking during particular periods of the day, week and year, parking time of vehicles, and parking space use. A parking peak hour factor was also calculated, which expresses the crowding degree of vehicle entries/exits in/out parking during a particular period. In addition, the paper presents an analysis of factors determining users to P&R parking use. In the modeling process, logit models were used, which, as stated after analyzing the literature on the subject, were already used in various countries around the world to describe the behavior of P&R parking users. However, so far, such research relating to Polish conditions has been not published in the available literature. The obtained results allowed to state that the most important factors determining the likelihood of using P&R parking in Cracow are age, number of years having a driving license, monthly income (gross), and an average number of trips made during a day. Other variables, which not included in the study, can influence the P&R parking use. However, the presented results are the basis for conducting furtherer, more in-depth analyses based on a larger number of independent variables that may determine the P&R parking use.
One often sees large park-and-ride (P&R) facilities surrounding major transit stations. These parking facilities provide a practical way to increase ridership, but it is less clear how well they ...serve broader sustainability goals. For example, using scarce station area land for transit-oriented development (TOD) rather than parking may provide a better approach to reducing vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT). This research represents an effort to explore the relative VKT reduction associated with P&R as compared to TOD. A survey of transit users in Charlotte, NC is used to estimate the VKT generated by users of P&R facilities at light rail stations. The estimated VKT is then compared to the VKT that is predicted to occur under hypothetical scenarios in which these parking facilities are replaced with TOD. At four of the seven stations examined in this study, replacing a P&R facility with a moderately dense housing (100 units per hectare) is predicted to result in a net VKT reduction. On the other hand, there is no feasible scenario in which a net VKT reduction can be achieved by replacing the suburban terminal parking structure with TOD. To the degree that VKT reduction is an important outcome of transit provision, the results of this research indicate that conversion of P&R to TOD (or forgoing P&R in the first place) should receive strong consideration at some stations, even in highly auto-oriented contexts such as Charlotte.
•The choice to place a P&R facility at a rail station should consider impacts on VKT.•Replacing a P&R facility with a moderately dense housing is predicted to result in a net VKT reduction at some rail stations.•It is not feasible to create a net VKT reduction by replacing the suburban terminal parking structure with TOD.
•Explores the importance of factors to encourage choice riders towards using P&R•Cleanliness and safety are most important factors to influence choice riders•Choice riders were least influenced by ...the cost•Assists to prioritise and offer services required to attract choice riders
An uninterrupted growth of vehicles on road has been a major concern in the urban areas of developing countries, leading to congestion and delay in travel time. Public transport provides accessibility and addresses the adverse effects of using private vehicles to some extent but fails to attract private vehicle users. Park-and-Ride (P&R) is one such facility that not only reduces the number of vehicles on road but also attracts private vehicle users towards using public transport and to do so, the P&R should also be supported by the services that are important for users. This paper aims to determine the importance of different service factors to encourage choice riders towards using P&R as a reliable and sustainable mode of travel compared to drive along. Three analysis methods (GRA, RIDIT, and TOPSIS) were used to identify the influencing factors and the outcomes were further compared to determine the variation (if any). The results show factor of cleanliness as most important to choice riders, followed by the safety at the P&R. Choice riders preferred to have a better quality of service while the cost of using a P&R was of least importance. The procedure explained in this study can assist the decision making authorities to prioritise and offer services that are actually required to attract choice riders.
The objective of this paper is to enhance the insights into commuters’ travel choice behaviors in a competitive railway/highway system with continuum park-and-ride services along a travel corridor. ...It is assumed that parking charges gradually decrease from the city center to the corridor boundary and commuters are continuously distributed along the corridor. Commuters choose either the railway or highway for traveling from their home to the center in the morning. If choosing the highway, the commuters also consider the use of park-and-ride facilities available anywhere throughout the corridor. Given these assumptions, we propose a deterministic continuum equilibrium model to characterize commuters’ modal choices and park-and-ride transfer behaviors. We prove that, at equilibrium, the variable travel cost per unit distance on the highway is not higher than that on the railway along the corridor. As a result, the railway is used only between the city center (the destinations of morning commuters) and some location in the linear city, beyond which all commuters choose the highway. Furthermore, commuters living closer to the city center choose the park-and-ride facilities that are simultaneously chosen by those who live farther away from the city center. The model is solved numerically through its transformation into a discrete version using a supernetwork approach and demonstrated with numerical examples together with a discussion of the effect of park-and-ride services and pricing on travel behaviors.
This study conducts a multimodal analysis in a competitive railway/highway system along a linear traffic corridor. A price-based tradable credits scheme is introduced into the park-and-ride (P&R) ...design in which the credit price is determined by the government. The C-logit model is used to analyze the linear monocentric city's route choice behavior. A bi-level programming model is proposed to study the P&R location problem. The upper level minimizes the social cost by optimizing the quantity and location of P&R stations and the price-based tradable credits scheme. The lower level is to determine the equilibrium assignments on the multi-mode network. Finally, a numerical example is used to investigate the effects of the price-based tradable credits scheme, bodily congestion in transit carriages and P&R facilities' investment on social cost, traveler behavior and P&R locations. It is found that besides the price-based tradable credits scheme, bodily congestion and P&R facilities investment also have an important influence on the P&R location design and the social cost.
•A price-based credits scheme is introduced into the park-and-ride (P&R) design.•A C-logit model is used to describe the mode and route choice behavior.•A discrete optimization model is proposed to locate the multi-P&R facilities.•Credit price, bodily congestion and P&R investment would affect the P&R design.
This study conducted in Bandung Regency delves into the factors influencing the choice of transportation modes for tourists and provides practical insights. Specifically, the research examines the ...influence of park-and-ride security, travel time savings, and travel costs on the selection of private vehicles and shuttle buses. The findings emphasize the importance of sustainable transportation facilities and efficient public transport services, offering a practical roadmap for addressing transportation needs for tourists in Bandung Regency. With a focus on the park-and-ride concept, this research identifies and analyzes the factors influencing mode choice between private vehicles and public transportation. The study was conducted in Ciwidey, a natural tourism area in Bandung Regency, which offers diverse attractions such as nature-based tourism, ancient sites, culinary experiences, and water tourism. The findings of this research aim to contribute to the improvement of sustainable transportation and mobility choices for tourists while alleviating traffic congestion and environmental impact in Bandung Regency's tourism areas.
•Optimal parking pricing with parking permits management in a many-to-one park and ride (P + R) network.•A hybrid management with parking pricing and parking permit to reduce system travel cost.•A ...mixed integer linear program (MILP) to determine system optimum parking permits distribution.•Comprehensive parking management in response to inadequate parking space.
This paper investigates optimal parking pricing with parking permit management in a many-to-one park and ride (P + R) network in which each origin is connected to the destination by an auto path, a parallel rail transit path and a P + R path. First, we revisit the parking pricing scheme at P + R parking facility with parking restraint and find that it fails to eliminate extra costs arising from competition for inadequate parking spots. Fortunately, competition for inadequate parking spots can be eliminated by a strategy of parking permits distribution. Then we investigate the optimal number of parking permits distributed to each OD pair in a many-to-one park and ride network. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). However, parking permit management is less efficient than parking pricing at P + R facility when parking provision is sufficient. Therefore, we propose two hybrid management schemes with parking pricing and parking permit to reduce system travel cost. Joint implementation of parking pricing and parking permit not only alleviates the traffic congestion but also eliminates the competition for inadequate parking space. Next, the bi-level programming models are proposed to determine the optimal parking fees at P + R parking facilities in the hybrid management schemes. In the bi-level programming models, the number of parking permits assigned or held by each OD pair is an implicit function with respect to parking fee. A global optimum oriented solution algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm are used to solve the MILP and bi-level programming models respectively. Numerical examples are carried out to show that the hybrid schemes with parking pricing and parking permits are more effective than both pure parking pricing scheme and pure parking permits management scheme.
The COVID-19 virus has unimaginably disrupted the transit system and its overall functions. Users’ vigilant safety concerns posed by the pandemic and the consequent transit avoidance behaviour for a ...prolonged period could have lasting impacts on their transit preferences, leaving transit agencies to search for effective post-pandemic transit resilience policies. This study examines potential post-pandemic interventions and pandemic-induced psychological attributes impacting the future transit choice behaviour of non-transit users of the pandemic. It utilised data from a transit demand and choice adaptation survey in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. A two-stage model was formulated to jointly capture the pre-pandemic transit usage choices of those who did not make transit trips during the pandemic and the respective post-pandemic transit choices for these user groups. The models depicted that the post-pandemic transit choices were inversely affected by one’s pandemic concerns. In contrast, the choices were positively influenced by respondents’ views on post-pandemic transit usage and keeping the adopted safety policies in place. Regarding the conventional level of service attributes, paid park and ride facilities enhanced the probability of post-pandemic transit choice almost by 15% for occasional users. In comparison, the changes due to reliable service ranged from 10 to 11% for pre-pandemic users. Analogous propensity was seen for fare schemes offering free transfers between cross borders and 25% or more off-peak discounts on base fares. Moreover, more direct transit routes and increased parking costs by vehicular modes post the pandemic encourage travellers to retake transit.
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