Focusing on regime trajectories across the former Soviet Union, Pluralism by Default posits that political competition in new democracies has often been grounded less in well-designed institutions, ...democratic leaders, or emerging civil society and more in the failure of authoritarianism. Lucan Way contends that pluralism has persisted in many cases because autocrats lack the organization, authority, or coordination to steal elections, impose censorship, repress opposition, or keep allies in line.
Attention to the dynamics of this pluralism by default reveals a largely unrecognized contradiction in the transition process: the same factors that facilitate democratic and semi-democratic political competition may also thwart the development of stable, well-functioning democratic institutions. National divisions or weak states and parties—typically seen as impediments to democracy—can also stymie efforts to crack down on political opposition and concentrate control. Way demonstrates that the features that have made Ukraine the most democratic country in the former Soviet Union also contributed to the country’s extreme dysfunction and descent into war in 2014.
During the colonial era, ordinary Philadelphians played an unusually active role in political life. Because the city lacked a strong central government, private individuals working in civic ...associations of their own making shouldered broad responsibility for education, poverty relief, church governance, fire protection, and even taxation and military defense. These organizations dramatically expanded the opportunities for white men—rich and poor alike—to shape policies that immediately affected their communities and their own lives.
In Governed by a Spirit of Opposition, Jessica Choppin Roney explains how allowing people from all walks of life to participate in political activities amplified citizen access and democratic governance. Merchants, shopkeepers, carpenters, brewers, shoemakers, and silversmiths served as churchwardens, street commissioners, constables, and Overseers of the Poor. They volunteered to fight fires, organized relief for the needy, contributed money toward the care of the sick, took up arms in defense of the community, raised capital for local lending, and even interjected themselves in Indian diplomacy. Ultimately, Roney suggests, popular participation in charity, schools, the militia, and informal banks empowered people in this critically important colonial city to overthrow the existing government in 1776 and re-envision the parameters of democratic participation.
Governed by a Spirit of Opposition argues that the American Revolution did not occasion the birth of commonplace political activity or of an American culture of voluntary association. Rather, the Revolution built upon a long history of civic engagement and a complicated relationship between the practice of majority-rule and exclusionary policy-making on the part of appointed and self-selected constituencies.
At its core, the Civil War was a conflict over the meaning of citizenship. Most famously, it became a struggle over whether or not to grant rights to a group that stood outside the pale of ...civil-society: African Americans. But other groups--namely Jews, Germans, the Irish, and Native Americans--also became part of this struggle to exercise rights stripped from them by legislation, court rulings, and the prejudices that defined the age.Grounded in extensive research by experts in their respective fields, Civil War Citizens is the first volume to collectively analyze the wartime experiences of those who lived outside the dominant white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant citizenry of nineteenth-century America. The essays examine the momentous decisions made by these communities in the face of war, their desire for full citizenship, the complex loyalties that shaped their actions, and the inspiring and heartbreaking results of their choices-- choices that still echo through the United States today. Contributors: Stephen D. Engle, William McKee Evans, David T. Gleeson, Andrea Mehrlnder, Joseph P. Reidy, Robert N. Rosen, and Susannah J. Ural.
Wiki Government shows how to bring innovation to government. In explaining how to enhance political institutions with the power of networks, it offers a fundamental rethinking of democracy in the ...digital age. Collaborative democracy-government of the people, by the people, for the people-is an old dream. Today, Wiki Government shows how technology can make that dream a reality. In this thought-provoking book, Beth Simone Noveck illustrates how collaborative democracy strengthens public decisionmaking by connecting the power of the many to the work of the few. Equally important, she provides a step-by-step demonstration of how collaborative democracy can be designed, opening policymaking to greater participation. "Wiki Government" tells the story behind one of the most dramatic public sector innovations in recent years - inviting the public to participate in the patent examination process. Patent examiners usually work in secret, cut off from essential information and racing against the clock to master arcane technical claims. The Peer-to-Patent project radically transformed this process by allowing anyone with Internet access to collaborate with the agency in reviewing patent applications. "Wiki Government" describes how a far-flung team of technologists, lawyers, and policymakers pried open a tradition-bound agency's doors. Noveck explains how she brought both fiercely competitive companies and risk-averse bureaucrats on board. She discusses the design challenges the team faced in creating software to distill online collaboration into useful expertise, not just rants or raves. And she explains how law, policy, and technology can be revamped to help government work in more open and participatory ways in a wide range of policy arenas, including education and the environment.
Government wrongdoing or negligence harms people worldwide, but not all victims are equally effective at obtaining redress. InAccidental Activists, Celeste L. Arrington examines the interactive ...dynamics of the politics of redress to understand why not. Relatively powerless groups like redress claimants depend on support from political elites, active groups in society, the media, experts, lawyers, and the interested public to capture democratic policymakers' attention and sway their decisions. Focusing on when and how such third-party support matters, Arrington finds that elite allies may raise awareness about the victims' cause or sponsor special legislation, but their activities also tend to deter the mobilization of fellow claimants and public sympathy. By contrast, claimants who gain elite allies only after the difficult and potentially risky process of mobilizing societal support tend to achieve more redress, which can include official inquiries, apologies, compensation, and structural reforms.
Arrington draws on her extensive fieldwork to illustrate these dynamics through comparisons of the parallel Japanese and South Korean movements of victims of harsh leprosy control policies, blood products tainted by hepatitis C, and North Korean abductions. Her book thereby highlights how citizens in Northeast Asia-a region grappling with how to address Japan's past wrongs-are leveraging similar processes to hold their own governments accountable for more recent harms.Accidental Activistsalso reveals the growing power of litigation to promote policy change and greater accountability from decision makers.
Özet Edinilmiş mallara katılma rejiminin 01.01.2002 tarihinden itibaren yürürlüğe girmesiyle birlikte mal rejimi konusunda önemli gelişmeler olmuştur. Edinilmiş mallara katılma rejimi, kadın-erkek ...eşitliği noktasında önemli fayda ve kazanımlar sağlamış olsa da uygulamada bazı zorluklar yaşanmaktadır. Bu makaleyi hazırlamadaki amacımız “Katılma Alacağı” konusunu doktrindeki görüş ayrılıkları ve Yargıtay kararları doğrultusunda incelemektir. Özellikle bazı konularda farklı görüşlerin olması uygulamada bir takım sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Amaç: Çalışmada, kanundaki değişiklik sonucu yasal mal rejimi olarak kabul edilmesiyle birlikte önemli noktaya gelen katılma alacağı konusunun incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışma hazırlanırken, edinilmiş mallara katılma rejimi hakkında genel bilgilendirme yapılmıştır. Katılma alacağı konusu ise ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca katılma alacağı konusunda tartışmalı noktalara yer verilerek hukuki niteliği incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Katılma alacağının özellikle zamanaşımı konusunda bir çok görüş farklılığı bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca hesaplanma yönünde de bazı tartışmalı noktalar bulunmaktadır. Gerek doktrindeki gerekse Yargıtay’da bu sorunların önüne geçmek adına kanuni düzenlenmenin yapılması gerekmektedir. Özgünlük: Katılma alacağı, konusunda bilgi sahibi olmak isteyenler için özgün bir makaledir.
Abstract With the entry into force of the regime of participation in acquired goods from 01.01.2002, there have been significant developments in the goods regime. Even though the regime of participating to acquired property has made significant benefits and gains in gender equality, it also has some difficulties in practice. The objective of presenting this paper is to analyze "Participation Asset" in accordance with the differences of opinion in doctrine and the decisions of the Supreme Court. Especially, different arguments on certain topics bring several problems in practice. Aim: This study, aimed to examine the issue of participation receivables, which came to an important point as a result of the change in the law, was adopted as a legal goods regime. Methodology: During the preparation of the study, a detailed explanation was given on the issues of the regime of participating to acquired property and the participation asset. The legal characteristics were scrutinized in consideration of the controversial topics on the participation asset. Findings: There are many differences of opinion regarding the statute of limitations of the participation fee. Furthermore, certain controversial topics on the calculation of the participation asset were also identified. Legal regulations should be made to prevent these problems both in the doctrine and the Supreme Court. Authenticity: It is an authentic article for those who want to have information about how to participate.
This book asks an important question often ignored by ancient historians and political scientists alike: Why did Athenian democracy work as well and for as long as it did? Josiah Ober seeks the ...answer by analyzing the sociology of Athenian politics and the nature of communication between elite and nonelite citizens. After a preliminary survey of the development of the Athenian "constitution," he focuses on the role of political and legal rhetoric. As jurymen and Assemblymen, the citizen masses of Athens retained important powers, and elite Athenian politicians and litigants needed to address these large bodies of ordinary citizens in terms understandable and acceptable to the audience. This book probes the social strategies behind the rhetorical tactics employed by elite speakers.
A close reading of the speeches exposes both egalitarian and elitist elements in Athenian popular ideology. Ober demonstrates that the vocabulary of public speech constituted a democratic discourse that allowed the Athenians to resolve contradictions between the ideal of political equality and the reality of social inequality. His radical reevaluation of leadership and political power in classical Athens restores key elements of the social and ideological context of the first western democracy.
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