Pesticide resistance has had a substantial impact on crop production and has been an important driver of change in modern agriculture, animal production and human health. Focusing specifically on ...arthropods, this book provides a comprehensive review of relevant issues in pesticide resistance. Detailed listings and references to all documented reports of resistance from around the world are included.
Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide used against agricultural insects, which causes oxidative stress and damage in many organs, including the reproductive ones. Cherry laurel (
Roem.) fruit ...is rich in vitamins and phenolic compounds with antioxidant effect. The aim of this study was to investigate how effective its extract would be against dimethoate-induced testis and sperm damage in rats. Sixty animals were divided in six groups of 10. Group 1 (control) received only 1 mL of saline (0.9 % NaCl). Group 2 received 7 mg/kg of dimethoate in 1 mL of saline. Group 3 received 4 mg/kg of extract in 1 mL of saline. Group 4 received the extract 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 5 received vitamin C (positive control, 100 mg/kg in 1 mL of saline) 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 6 received only dimethoate for the first four weeks and then a combination of dimethoate and extract for another four weeks. All doses were administered daily by oral gavage. After eight weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanised and their reproductive organs removed. We took their body and reproductive organ weights and evaluated testicular oxidative stress, semen characteristics, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and histopathological changes. Dimethoate significantly decreased body and reproductive organ weights, sperm motility and concentration, testicular superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-peroxidase activities and significantly increased lipid peroxidation, abnormal sperm rate, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and caused histopathological lesions. Cherry laurel extract significantly countered many dimethoate-induced adverse effects, both as pre- and post-treatment, including reproductive organ weight, semen parameters, oxidant-antioxidant balance, sperm DNA integrity, testicular apoptosis, and histological structure. Our findings clearly suggest that the beneficial effects of the extract are associated with countering oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation in particular.
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture and aquaculture. This study investigated its effects on carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activity and histopathology of rainbow ...trout gill and liver. The fish were exposed to 2.25 (25 % of 96 h LC
), 4.5 (50 % of 96 h LC
), and 6.75 μg L
(75 % of 96 h LC
) of chlorpyrifos for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. CA activity was measured in liver and gills and histopathological changes were examined by light microscopy. The most common liver changes at most of the chlorpyrifos concentrations were hyperaemia and degenerative changes. Gill tissues were characterised by lamellar hyperaemia, lamellar oedemas, clumping, cellular degeneration, hyperplasia, and lamellar atrophy. CA enzyme activity in the gills decreased at all concentrations at 48, 72, and 96 h after exposure to chlorpyrifos (p<0.05). Similarly, there was a time-dependent decrease in CA activity at all of the concentrations in liver tissues (p<0.05). The present study indicated that chlorpyrifos inhibits CA enzyme activity and causes histopathological damage in gill and liver tissues
Klorpirifos je organofosforni pesticid široke primjene u poljoprivredi i ribarstvu. U ovome radu istražili smo njegov učinak na aktivnost enzima ugljikove anhidraze te histopatologiju škrga i jetre u kalifornijske pastrve. Ribe su bile izložene klorpirifosu u koncentracijama 2,25 μg L-1 (25 % 96-satnog LC50), 4,5 μg L-1 (50 % 96-satnog LC50) i 6,75 μg L-1 (75 % 96-satnog LC50) tijekom 24, 48, 72 i 96 sati. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze mjerena je u jetri i škrgama, a histopatološke promjene promatrane su svjetlosnom mikroskopijom. Najčešće promjene u jetri pri većini koncentracija bile su hiperemija i degenerativne promjene. Na tkivu škrga primijećeni su hiperemija i edemi u škržnim listićima, sljepljivanje i degeneracija stanica, hiperplazija te atrofija škržnih listića. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze u škrgama smanjila se pri svim koncentracijama nakon 48, 72 i 96 sati izloženosti (p<0.05). Također je uočeno i smanjenje aktivnosti ugljikove anhidraze u jetri ovisno o duljini izloženosti pri svim koncentracijama (p<0.05). Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da klorpirifos inhibira aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze i izaziva značajna histopatološka oštećenja u škrgama i jetri
Organophosphate pesticide (OP) poisoning is quite common and can cause cardiovascular complications and even direct myocardial injury. However, no guideline has included an acute poisoning as a ...potential cause for a type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) so far. Here we present a case of a 61-year-old woman brought by ambulance to emergency department one hour after accidental ingestion of an unknown quantity of a solution she used against flea infestation. The patient presented with dizziness, myosis, excessive sweating, hypersalivation, sphincteric incontinence, muscle fasciculation, tremor of the extremities, pale skin, alcoholic and pesticide breath odour. Even though we had no guidelines to fall back on, we successfully treated the patient with low-molecular-weight heparin, antiplatelets, statin, diltiazem, antidote therapy, and supportive care. Physicians should be aware that OP poisoning can induce type 2 MI as a complication within a few hours since exposure, and emergency management should always include close cardiac monitoring.
Lisne uši (Insecta: Aphidoidea) pripadaju jednoj od najvažnijih skupina poljoprivrednih štetnika širom svijeta. Često uzrokuju ozbiljne, ekonomske probleme na različitim poljoprivrednim kulturama. ...Ponekad, zbog pojave rezistentnosti ovih kukaca na konvencionalna sredstva za zaštitu bilja zaštita je jako složena. Za razliku od kemijskih sredstava biljni ekstrakti pokazuju pozitivni učinak na okoliš, biološku raznolikost i ljudsko zdravlje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti učinkovitost različitih koncentracija vodenog i alkoholnog ekstrakta autohtonog (lokalni sortiment) i uvoznog češnjaka (Alium sativum L.) na šljivinu zelenu uš (Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.). Pokus je obavljen u laboratorijskim uvjetima korištenjem Petrijevih posuda prethodno obloženih filter papirom na koji su postavljene lisne uši. U svaku Petrijevu posudu postavljeno je 15 jedinki. Vodeni i alkoholni ekstrakti su razrijeđeni u tri koncentracije (100%, 50% i 25%). Smrtnost kukaca je kontrolirana nakon 24 h i 48 h. Za izračun i korekciju mortaliteta korištena je Abott-ova formula. Statistički značajna razlika je uočena između tretmana i kontrole. Najveći učinak unutar 24 h je pokazao je 100 %-tni vodeni ekstrakt, kao i sve koncentracije alkoholnog ekstrakta. Najlošiji rezultat (9.99%) nakon 24 h je uočen kod 25%-tne vodene otopine. Nakon 48 h smrtnost je kod svih koncentracija bila veća od 75%.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes following 24 and 48- hour exposure to a commercial diazinon formulation Basudin 60EM
at concentrations ...between 0.01 and 40 μg mL
. For this purpose we used the micronucleus (MN), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. Diazinon significantly increased the frequency of micronucleated cells compared to control. Forty-eight-hour exposure increased this frequency even at lower concentrations (0.01
μg mL
). The FISH results revealed aneugenic effects at 10 μg mL
. The comet assay also confirmed DNA damage at concentrations between 10 and 40 μg mL
. Our findings have confirmed the genotoxic potential of diazinon and its cytotoxic effect on human lymphocytes. The increased DNA damage in our study raises concern about the current assessment of the health risk posed by this pesticide and calls for a high level of caution in agricultural and household use.
Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio ocijeniti genetička oštećenja u limfocitima ljudske periferne krvi nakon 24-satne odnosno 48-satne izloženosti komercijalnom diazinonu (Basudin 60EM
) u rasponu koncentracija od 0,01 do 40 μg mL
. U tu smo svrhu rabili mikronukleus (MN)-test, fluorescencijsku in situ hibridizaciju (FISH) i metodu elektroforeze pojedinačnih stanica u agaroznom gelu (tzv. komet-test). Diazinon je značajno povećao učestalost stanica s mikronukleusima u odnosu na kontrolu. Taj je učinak bio još izraženiji nakon 48-satne izloženosti, gdje je značajno povećanje zamijećeno već pri koncentracijama diazinona od 0,01 do 10 μg mL
. FISH je pokazao aneugeno djelovanje diazinona u koncentranciji od 10 μg mL
. Naši rezultati potvrdili su ranija saznanja o genotoksičnom i citotoksičnom djelovanju diazonona na ljudske limfocite. Oštećenje DNA koje smo zamijetili u našem istraživanju dovodi u pitanje trenutačne procjene zdravstvenih rizika povezanih s tim pesticidom te poziva na izrazit oprez pri njegovoj primjeni u poljoprivredi i kućanstvima.
The aim of this study was to investigate how chronic low-dose chlorpyrifos exposure of female Wistar rats before and during pregnancy affects behavioural parameters in their offspring. Four months ...before pregnancy, we exposed three groups of rats to chlorpyrifos doses of 5, 10, and 15 mg kg
body weight every day for 30 days, whereas one group received a single 30 mg kg
dose on gestational day 6. When the offspring of the exposed rats grew up, we studied their anxiety rate, motor activity, and cognitive abilities using the respective behavioural tests: open field test, dark/light box, and the extrapolation escape test. The offspring of rats exposed before pregnancy had significantly higher activity rate than controls, and even showed motor agitation and hyperactivity signs. The offspring of rats exposed to the single dose had difficulties solving the extrapolation escape test and showed poorer short- and long-term memory performance. This confirmed that even pre-pregnancy chlorpyrifos exposure can cause neurobehavioral consequences in offspring. Even though the mechanisms of the observed changes remain unclear and need further investigation, these data seem alarming and may serve as an important argument for revising the terms of safe pesticide use
Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio ispitati kako izloženost ženki Wistar štakora niskim, kroničnim dozama klorpirifosa prije i tijekom trudnoće utječe na parametre ponašanja njihovih potomaka. Četiri mjeseca prije trudnoće tri su skupine štakorica 30 dana primale klorpirifos u dnevnim dozama od 5, 10 i 15 mg kg
tjelesne mase, a jedna je skupina primila jednokratnu dozu od 30 mg kg
šestog dana gestacije. Kad je mladunčad odrasla, bihevioralnim testovima otvorenog polja, testom tamne/svijetle komore i ekstrapolacijskim testom bijega izmjerili smo njihovu razinu tjeskobe, motoričke aktivnosti i kognitivne sposobnosti. Mladunci ženki izloženih prije trudnoće iskazali su značajno više razine aktivnosti od kontrolne skupine, napose motoričku agitaciju i znakove hiperaktivnosti. Mladunci ženki izloženih jednokratnoj dozi imali su poteškoća u rješavanju ekstrapolacijskoga testa bijega te su iskazali slabije kratkoročno i dugoročno pamćenje. Naši su rezultati pokazali da izloženost klorpirifosu prije trudnoće može uzrokovati neurobihevioralne poremećaje u mladunčadi. Premda istraživanjem nismo uspjeli utvrditi mehanizme uočenih promjena, ova su saznanja uznemirujuća i mogu poslužiti kao snažan argument za ponovno promišljanje o ograničenjima u primjeni pesticida.
Levels of 17 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) and seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in the muscle tissue of 18 commercially important fish species from the eastern ...Adriatic Sea. PCBs <LOD-8,866 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) accounted for over 66 % of all analysed compounds. Their pattern was dominated by PCB-138 and PCB-153. DDE (14.2-649 ng g-1 lw) was the prevalent DDT isomer in all samples, suggesting no recent DDT input. β-, γ- and α-HCH and HCB were found in less than 50 % of samples. The analysed organic contaminants did not seem to bioaccumulate up the food web (trophic levels 3.0 to 4.5). Our findings show no risk of chronic (non-cancerous) effects on human health
Maseni udjeli 17 poliklorbifenila (PCB) i 7 organoklorovih pesticida (OCP) izmjereni su u mišićnom tkivu 18 komercijalno važnih ribljih vrsta iz istočnog Jadranskog mora. Maseni udjeli PCB-a (<LOD do 8.866 ng g-1 masti) činili su više od 66 % svih analiziranih spojeva. U njihovu profilu PCB-138 i PCB-153 dominantni su kongeneri. DDE (14,2-649 ng g-1 masti), glavni izomer DDT-a, jedini je detektiran u svim uzorcima. U manje od 50 % analiziranih uzoraka nađeni su β-, γ- i α-HCH te HCB. U rasponu trofičkih razina analiziranih vrsta (3,0-4,5) nije bilo bioakumulacije organskih zagađivala u hranidbenom lancu. Rezultati procjene rizika za ljudsko zdravlje pokazali su da nema rizika od kroničnih (nekancerogenih) utjecaja na ljudsko zdravlje.
Suvremena proizvodnja prehrambenih proizvoda gotovo je nezamisliva bez upotrebe pesticida. Porast kontaminacije hrane ostacima pesticida je doveo do povećane potrebe za otkrivanjem načina za njihovo ...uklanjanje. Brojne tehnike procesiranja hrane, bilo u industriji ili u kućanstvima, mogu dovesti do promjene njihovog sadržaja u namirnici. Njihovo uklanjanje iz namirnice ovisi o kemijskim karakteristikama pesticida te vrsti namirnice u kojoj se nalaze kao i o načinu procesiranja namirnice. Razni pripremni (pranje vodom ili otopinama, guljenje) te termički postupci obrade (pasterizacija, blanširanje, kuhanje, prženje, pečenje) koji se koriste u procesima pripreme hrane mogu dovesti do promjene (najčešće smanjenja) sadržaja ostataka pesticida. U ovom radu prikazan je utjecaj najzastupljenijih pripremnih tehnika te termičkih postupaka procesiranja namirnica na sadržaj ostataka pesticida u krajnjim proizvodima.
We have been witnessing a silent chemical revolution over the past half century. Pesticides bring widespread environmental contamination, with residues detected far from their site of application. ...These substances are playing havoc with the lives of humans and the environment because of their indiscriminate use. Pesticide Risk Assessment describes the environmental risks associated with the injudicious use of pesticides and their mixtures, their methods of estimation and assessment, and their regulation. It also contains methods to reduce and minimize the risks associated with the use of pesticides. The book:Examines pesticides, their impact on the environment, mode of action, estimation methods, risk assessment, mixture toxicity, alternatives for risk reduction, and regulatory aspects.Includes global case studies detailing cases of pesticide poisoning, and the health effects of exposure to pesticides. Covers risks to human health, aquifers and aquatic organisms, pollinators, soil micro flora and fauna, terrestrial organisms and wildlife.Suitable for anyone involved in pesticide application and integrated pest management, this is essential reading for researchers, scientists, extension workers and policy makers.
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