Since the strong antineoplastic potential against A549 cells of Pleurotus nebrodensispolysaccharide (PN50G) in vitrohas been proven previously, the definitive mechanism of PN50G-induced apoptosis in ...A549 cells in vivowas further investigated. All the results indicated that PN50G significantly suppressed tumor growth in A549 tumor-bearing mice. Tumor cells treated with PN50G were arrested in the G0/G1 phase, and marked changes in the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, including cyclin D1, cyclin A and cyclin B1, were observed. Moreover, western blotting anaylsis indicated that PN50G triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, for an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, release of cytochrome c, cleavage of caspase-3 and PRPP in A549 tumor cells were observed. And the decrease in the expression of the translation related protein P70S6K was observed, because PN50G activated AMPK phosphorylation, but inhibited PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and suppressed the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) induced by PN50G. In vivoimaging was performed on tumor-bearing mice, and the results indicated that PN50G significantly increased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, it indicated that PN50G promoted the protein expression of Beclin 1 and LC-3 in a dose-dependent manner. All the results suggested that PN50G-mediated apoptosis and autophagy of A549 tumor cells in vivomainly involved in the mitochondrial pathway and the AMPK/PI3K/mTOR pathway.
This review shows the biotechnological potential of oyster mushrooms with lignocellulosic biomass. The bioprocessing of plant byproducts using Pleurotus species provides numerous value-added ...products, such as basidiocarps, animal feed, enzymes, and other useful materials. The biodegradation and bioconversion of agro wastes (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) could have vital implication in cleaning our environment. The bioprocessing of lignin depends on the potent lignocellulolytic enzymes such as phenol oxidases (laccase) or heme peroxidases (lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and versatile peroxidase) produced by the organism. The cellulose-hydrolysing enzymes (that is, cellulases) basically divided into endo- beta -1,4-glucanase, exo- beta -1,4-glucanase I and II, and beta -glucosidase, they attack cellulose to release glucose, a monomers units from the cellobiose, while several enzymes acted on hemicellulose to give D-xylose from xylobiose. These enzymes have been produced by species of Pleurotus from lignocellulose and can also be used in several biotechnological applications, including detoxification, bioconversion, and bioremediation of resistant pollutants.
A novel alkali extractable polysaccharide (designated as PNA-2) was purified from Pleurotus nebrodensisand the effects of purified PNA-2 on the proliferation and apoptosis of human hepatic cancer ...cells (HepG2) were investigated in this study. The results of a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that PNA-2 inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells by apoptosis induction, which was also characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the expression of apoptosis-associated mRNA, proteins and the cell-cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase was determined using RT-qPCR, Western blot and flow cytometry, respectively. A notable inhibition of the migration rate of PNA-2-treated HepG2 cells was observed using a cell scratch assay. DNA damage was observed using a comet assay and AO/EB staining in HepG2 cells, which were exposed to PNA-2. Induction of the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway by PNA-2 was indicated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential ( Delta psi sub(m)), Bcl-2 dysregulation and cytochrome crelease. All the results suggested that the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway could be involved in PNA-2-mediated apoptosis of human liver carcinoma cells HepG2. Finally, the results indicated that PNA-2 significantly suppressed tumor growth in HepG2 tumor-bearing mice, indicating that PNA-2 may be developed as a candidate drug or functional food factor to prevent or treat liver cancer.
Pleurotus ostreatoroseusis a Brazilian edible mushroom whose chemical characterization and bioactivity still remain underexplored. In this study, the hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds as well as ...the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of formulations (ethanol extracts) prepared with its fruiting bodies and submerged culture mycelia were compared. The bioactive formulations contain at least five free sugars, four organic acids, four phenolic compounds and two tocopherols. The fruiting body-based formulation revealed higher reducing power, DPPH scavenging activity, beta -carotene bleaching inhibition and lipid peroxidation inhibition in brain homogenates than the mycelium-based preparation, as well as higher anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. The absence of hepatotoxicity was confirmed in porcine liver primary cells. These functional responses can be related to the levels of bioactive components including phenolic acids, organic acids and tocopherols.
A study was conducted to examine the utilization of seafood processing wastes for artificial cultivation of edible mushroom Pleurotus flabellatus in laboratory condition. Utilizing bioconversion ...technology such as the slow release of nutrients for agricultural based activities like producing mushroom will profitably reduce seafood waste and also enhancing environmental quality. The selected agro-industrial wastes such as coir pith, woodchips and sugarcane bagasse were mixed with cooked fish waste (CFW) in the ratio of 1:1 (500 g: 500 g). The substrates which were not mixed with CFW were treated as control. All the above materials were allowed to decompose partially for about 15 days. The partially composted materials were placed in heat resistant transparent sterilized polyethylene bags. Each sterile bag was then aseptically inoculated with P. flabellatus. The bags were then incubated under ambient temperature and controlled humidity. The maximum biological yield per bed was obtained with sugarcane bagasse control bed 58.05+ or -0.88 g/bed. The lowest yield was observed in the substrate woodchips: CFW (1:1) 24.43+ or -0.30 g/bed. Based on the mass obtained for P. flabellatus, the best substrates were in the ordered of woodchips>coir pith>sugarcane. This could be used to cultivate an edible mushroom while at the same time promoting environmental sustainability and increase soil fertility.
► Pleurotus eryngii possessed higher total phenolics, RSA on DPPH and growth/day. ► Higher ascorbic acid and chelating activity was found in Pleurotus citrinopileatus. ► Based on AHC, studied edible ...mushroom species were fall into two clusters. ► Enhanced BE of P. eryngii was achieved using spent compost casing overlay.
Total phenolics, radical scavenging activity (RSA) on DPPH, ascorbic acid content and chelating activity on Fe2+ of Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus flabellatus, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Hypsizygus ulmarius have been evaluated. The assayed mushrooms contained 3.94–21.67mg TAE of phenolics, 13.63–69.67% DPPH scavenging activity, 3.76–6.76mg ascorbic acid and 60.25–82.7% chelating activity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that significantly higher total phenolics, RSA on DPPH and growth/day was present in P. eryngii whereas P. citrinopileatus showed higher ascorbic acid and chelating activity. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that studied mushroom species fall into two clusters; Cluster I included P. djamor, P. eryngii and P. flabellatus, while Cluster II included H. ulmarius, P. sajor-caju, P. citrinopileatus, P. ostreatus and P. florida. Enhanced yield of P. eryngii was achieved on spent compost casing material. Use of casing materials enhanced yield by 21–107% over non-cased substrate.
Summary
Comparative studies of functional properties among closely related mushroom species, supported by molecular identification, standard cultivation and extraction protocols, are not well ...documented. We compared antioxidant and antibacterial properties of standardised hydroalcoholic extracts of four Pleurotus species (P. levis, P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius and P. tuber‐regium). Antioxidant properties were investigated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity, total phenolic content, β‐carotene‐linoleic and ORAC assays. Antibacterial effect was assessed using the microplate method. The functional properties of standardised mushroom extracts were different in species studied. β‐carotene–linoleic acid and ORAC assays showed high antioxidant activity, particularly in P. ostreatus. Pleurotus tuber‐regium exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity in the ORAC assay (3316.0 μmol of trolox equivalent mL−1), but exerted the most potent bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity. Bacillus subtilis showed a high degree of susceptibility to a very low concentration (3.33 μg mL−1) of P. levis extract. Remarkable antioxidant and antibacterial properties were found in P. levis and P. tuber‐regium compared to the other species studied that are cultivated commercially.
Standardised mushroom hydroalcoholic extracts from Pleurotus species, molecularly identified, showed valuable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Pleurotus levis represents a novel source of bioactive compounds, while P. tuber‐regium exerted the most potent bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity. Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria showed differing degrees of susceptibility to Pleurotus extracts.
Neurodegenerative diseases are linked to neuronal cell death and impairment of neurite outgrowth. An edible mushroom, Pleurotus giganteus was found to stimulate neurite outgrowth in vitro but the ...chemical constituents and the underlying mechanism is yet to be elucidated. The chemical constituents of P. giganteus (linoleic acid, oleic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, and uridine) were tested for neurite outgrowth activity. Uridine (100 MM) was found to increase the percentage of neurite-bearing cells of differentiating neuroblastoma (N2a) cells by 43.1 plus or minus 0.5%, which was 1.8-fold higher than NGF (50 ng/mL)-treated cells. Uridine which was present in P. giganteus (1.80 plus or minus 0.03 g/100g mushroom extract) increased the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERKs) and protein kinase B (Akt). Further, phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was also increased. MEK/ERK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR further induced phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and expression of growth associated protein 43 (GAP43); all of which promoted neurite outgrowth of N2a cells. This study demonstrated that P. giganteus may enhance neurite outgrowth and one of the key bioactive molecules responsible for neurite outgrowth is uridine.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Light plays an important role in pileus differentiation in Pleurotus eryngii cultivation, and pileus morphology is influenced by light quality. To understand the effects of light quality on pileus ...morphology at the transcriptional level, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of pilei grown under blue and red light irradiation. We identified 3959 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the blue and red light–treated pilei, which included 1664 up-regulated and 2295 down-regulated genes. These DEGs were significantly associated with light sensing, signal transduction, cell wall degradation and melanogenesis, suggesting that these processes are involved in pileus morphogenesis. Multiple DEGs related to respiratory functions were differentially expressed, suggesting that respiratory activity increased during pileus development regardless of light quality. These results provide a valuable view of the transcriptional changes and molecular processes involved in pileus morphogenesis under different light conditions and provide a foundation for yield improvement and quality control of P. eryngii.
•The variations underlying pileus morphogenesis under different light qualities were revealed at the transcriptional level.•Genes involved in sensing and transducing blue- and red-light signals were correspondingly up-regulated, respectively.•The expression level of tyrosinase related to pigment formation was significantly up-regulated under blue light condition.
The extraction parameters for Pleurotus cornucopiae SS-02 exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced during submerged culture were optimized using Plackett-Burman (PB) design and central composite design ...(CCD). The optimum conditions for EPS extraction were ethanol concentration of 86.97%, pH 8.99 and concentrated multiple 2.43, and the EPS production was estimated at 3.96 g/l. The actual yield of EPS under these conditions was 3.75 g/l. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the EPS showed that the inhibition effects of EPS at a dosage of 4 g/l on superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals were 70.53 plus or minus 3.27% and 40.59 plus or minus 2.81%, respectively and the reducing power was 0.42 plus or minus 0.02 (absorbance at 700 nm). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) in mice blood were 260.62 plus or minus 22.18 U/ml, 187.66 plus or minus 16.28 U/ml, and 403.75 plus or minus 36.16 U/ml, respectively and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was 5.01 plus or minus 0.36 nmol/ml. The results provide a reference for large-scale extraction of EPS by P. cornucopiae SS-02 in industrial fermentation, and the EPS can be used as a potential antioxidant which enhances adaptive immune responses.
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