Pri več kot 85 % žensk med vaginalnim porodom pride do določene stopnje poškodbe presredka, pri čemer se obporodne poškodbe analnega sfinktra pojavljajo v povprečju pri 0,5–7 % vseh vaginalnih ...porodov. Kar 20–40 % primerov obporodnih poškodb analnega sfinktra je prikritih ali spregledanih, zato jih je izjemno pomembno prepoznati. Če odkrijemo poškodbo analnega sfinktra, jo je treba oskrbeti v operacijski dvorani. Pred kirurško oskrbo moramo zagotoviti ustrezno osvetlitev in analgezijo ter rano natančno pregledati. Anorektalno sluznico zašijemo s posameznimi ali kontinuiranimi šivi, notranji analni sfinkter pa s posameznimi ali t. i. šivi mattress. Pri poškodbah zunanjega analnega sfinktra, ki zajemajo celotno dolžino in debelino mišice, lahko uporabimo bodisi tehniko šivanja konec s koncem bodisi tehniko prekrivanja, pri delnih poškodbah pa tehniko konec s koncem. Na koncu zašijemo še mišice in kožo presredka. Perioperativno je treba uporabiti antibiotično zaščito in odvajala. Po obporodni poškodbi analnega sfinktra je potrebno bolnico spremljati. Prvi pregled naj bo 6 do 12 tednov po porodu. Najpogostejše posledice poškodb analnega sfinktra so bolečina v presredku, bolečine ob spolnih odnosih in druge težave v spolnosti ter analna inkontinenca, ki se pojavi v 15–61 % primerov. Potrebno je opraviti svetovanje glede načina poroda v naslednji nosečnosti, saj se ponovna poškodba analnega sfinktra pojavi v 4–8 %.
Uvod: Vpliv porodnega položaja na tveganje za poškodbo presredka, ki je odvisen od lokalnih in regionalnih babiških praks, kot so ročna tehnika zaščite presredka, razne stopnje epiziotomije in ...operativnih porodov itd., še ni zadostno raziskan. Namen raziskave je bil v eni od slovenskih porodnišnic preučiti morebitno povezavo med porodnim položajem ob iztisu ploda in pojavnostjo poškodbe presredka.Metode: V retrospektivno kohortno raziskavo smo vključili 625 porodnic, ki so leta 2021 rodile v Splošni bolnišnici Jesenice. Izključili smo večplodne nosečnosti, prezgodnje porode, porode s plodom v medenični ali okcipito-posteriorni vstavi, vakuumske ekstrakcije ploda in epiziotomije. Z multiplo logistično regresijo smo preučili, ali je bil položaj porodnice ob iztisu ploda (leže na hrbtu (n = 66), leže na boku (n = 404) ali vsi ostali položaji (n = 155)) neodvisno povezan s pojavnostjo poškodbe presredka.Rezultati:Pri 363 porodnicah (58 %) ni prišlo do poškodbe presredka. Pri 192 (73 %) je prišlo do poškodbe prve stopnje, pri 59 (23 %) do poškodbe druge stopnje in pri 11 (4 %) do poškodbe presredka tretje ali četrte stopnje. Porodni položaj ob iztisu ploda ob upoštevanju drugih potencialnih dejavnikov tveganja ni bil statistično pomembno povezan s tveganjem za poškodbo presredka: razmerje obetov (RO) 0,691, 95% interval zaupanja (IZ) – 0,401–1,191 za položaj na boku; RO 0,710, 95% IZ – 0,386–1,306 za ostale položaje v primerjavi s porajanjem leže na hrbtu.Diskusija in zaključek: V slovenski porodnišnici z visokim odstotkom porodnic, ki ne rodijo leže na hrbtu, porodni položaj ob iztisu ploda ni neodvisni dejavnik tveganja za nastanek poškodbe presredka
Izhodišče: test ELF (angl. enhanced liver fibrosis test) predstavlja kombinacjo direktnih označevalcev fibroze jeter, ki tvorijo algoritem, s katerim je mogoče oceniti prisotnost in blago, zmerno ter ...težjo stopnjo fibroze jeter. Test vključuje tri biološke označevalce: hialuronsko kislino (HA), amino-terminalni del prokolagena tipa III (PIIINP) in tkivni inhibitor metaloproteinaze-1 TIMP-1). HA in PIIINP sta označevalca nastajanja depozitov matriksa – fibrogeneze, TIMP-1 pa predstavlja razgradnjo matriksa – fibrolizo. Raziskave so pokazale, da lahko našteti trije označevalci ali test ELF služijo kot uporaben presejalni test pri zgodnjem diagnosticiranju biokemične poškodbe jeter pri avtoimunskih hepatitisih, pri hepatitisu C in drugih okvarah jeter, npr. okvarah zaradi alkoholizma. Namen naše raziskave je bil določiti vrednosti testa ELF pri treh različnih skupinah preiskovancev: kontrolni skupini, pri skupini s potrjeno diagnozo alkoholizma in pri skupini, ki akutno pije alkohol. Rezultate meritev ELF testa smo primerjali z rezultati uveljavljenih biokemičnih označevalcev alkoholizma.
Metode: V raziskavo smo vključili 113 preiskovancev, (71 moških, 42 žensk). Povprečna starost preiskovancev je znašala 43 let. Razdelili smo jih v tri skupine: MDPŠ so predstavljali preiskovanci (N = 39), ki so prišli na pregled v ambulanto medicine dela, prometa in športa, AZA je bila skupina 31 preiskovancev z akutnim alkoholnim opojem in DOA skupina 43 preiskovancev, ki so se zdravili zaradi diagnoze odvisnosti od alkohola. V serumskih vzorcih vseh treh skupin preiskovancev smo izmerili povprečni volumen eritrocitov (MCV), katalitične aktivnosti aspartat amino transferaze (AST), alanin amino transferaze (ALT), gama glutamilne transferaze (GGT) in parametre novejšega testa ELF za oceno stopnje z alkoholom povzročene jetrne fibroze. Blaga stopnja jetrne fibroze je pri vrednostih ELF pod 7,7, zmerna pri vrednostih od 7,7 do 9,8 in huda stopnja fibroze pri vrednostih nad 9,8. Za statistično analizo podatkov smo uporabili program SPSS 21.0 za Windowsovo okolje (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, USA).
Rezultati: Izmerjene povprečne vrednosti uveljavljenjih bioloških označevalcev alkoholizma pri skupinah MDPŠ, AZA in DOA znašajo za MCV : 91,9; 90,9 in 95,3 fL, mediane katalitične aktivnosti za AST pa 0,30; 0,33 in 0,42 µkat/L, za ALT 0,41; 0,34 in 0,56 µkat/L in za GGT 0,37; 0,34 in 0,92 µkat/L. Kruska-Wallisov test je pokazal statistično značilne razlike med skupinami preiskovancev za AST, GGT in MCV (p < 0,002), medtem ko se aktivnost ALT (p = 0,052) med skupinami razlikuje le na meji statistične značilnosti. V skupini MDPŠ je vrednost mediane testa ELF znašala 7,99 (6,99–10,18), v skupini DOA pa 9,47 (6,98–14,73). V skupini DOA smo dokazali statistično značilno korelacijo med AST, ALT, GGT in testom ELF (r = 0,524; 0,306 in 0,632), v skupini MDPŠ pa je bila statistično značilna samo za MCV (r = 0,327).
Zaključek: Rezultati meritev so pokazali, da so v skupini DOA statistično značilno višje vrednosti uveljavljenih bioloških označevalcev alkoholizma (MCV, AST, ALT in GGT) kot v kontrolni skupini MDPŠ. Mediana testa ELF pri skupini DOA kaže na prisotnost zmerne fibroze jeter, ob tem da območje vrednosti od 6,98 do 14,73 kaže, da so v skupini tudi posamezniki s hudo fibrozo. Iz rezultatov je razvidno, da povišane vrednosti jetrnih encimov AST, ALT in GGT ter korelacije med njimi kažejo na poškodbo hepatocitov, vrednosti testa ELF pa opredeljujejo stopnjo in obseg fibroze jeter. Za oceno fibroze jeter se uporabljajo različni indeksi, med katerimi ima test ELF po izsledkih tujih raziskovalcev visoko diagnostično uporabnost. ELF ima kot neinvazivni test tudi vse možnosti za uporabo na primarni ravni zdravstvene obravnave bolnikov z alkoholno in nealkoholno okvaro jeter.
Background: Vaginal delivery is the most important risk factors for development of faecal incontinence, which significantly affects quality of life. Foreign studies show OASIS occur at 20 to 40 % of ...vaginal deliveries. In Slovenia we recognize sphincter injuries at 1.7 % of deliveries, while true incidence of OASIS in our population remains unknown. Caesarean section prevents anal sphincter injuries. Known risk factors in foreign studies include prolonged second stage of labour, fetal weight > 3500 g, malpresentation, forceps delivery, maternal age more than 35 years at the time of first delivery, first delivery. Few women complain about defecatory problems in puerperium unless they are directly asked about them, so true incidence of such injuries is grossly underestimated. Previously compensated anal sphincter dysfunction can clinically manifest as late as in menopause. The most probable cause is atrophy of muscle and fibrous tissue of pelvic floor and anal sphincter due to lack of estrogen support in this period. With anal ultrasound we tried to determine the incidence of occult damage to anal sphincter in primiparas after vaginal delivery and the relation of injury to symptoms 6 weeks after delivery and identify possible risk factors in our population. We also tried to find out how many patients with anal sphincter injury become symptomatic immediately after deliv- ery. Methods: From January to June 2009 we examined 26 primiparas after vaginal delivery in the Ljubljana Maternity Hospital with anal ultrasound and compared various data about the delivery from our national delivery form. We excluded all patients with caesarean section, recognized anal sphincter injury at the time of the delivery or previous anorectal surgery, history of irritable bowel syndrome or pre-existing inflammatory bowel disease. All patients completed a bowel-function questionnaire, which included questions about faecal urgency and involuntary passing of gas, liquid or solid stools, before and six weeks after delivery. Faecal urgency was defined as inability to hold passing of stools for more than 5 minutes, anal incontinence as partial or complete inability to control passing of winds, liquid or formed stools. Patients were examined with 7 MHz 360-degrees rotating probe on the second or third day after delivery. With the probe we identified the U-shaped puborectalis muscle, then slowly extracted the probe through the anal canal towards the anus. We examined ultrasound im- age of puborectalis muscle, internal anal sphincter, longitudinal muscle and external anal sphincter. Internal anal sphincter (IAS) appears as a uniform hypoechoic circle, which is surrounded by heterogenous hyperechoic circle of external anal sphincter (EAS). External anal sphincter defect was defined as hypoechoic gap of various size in hyperechoic circle, that enlarges with voluntary contraction. Internal anal sphincter defect was defined as a gap in hypoechoic circle. All patients were contacted by telephone 6 weeks after delivery to complete the same ques- tionnaire again. Deliveries were managed by midwives according to standard active delivery management protocols the Ljubljana Maternity Hospital. All episiotomies were mediolateral. Information about pregnancy and delivery was obtained with patient’s consent from national delivery forms. We analysed use of analgesia at the delivery, induction and stimulation of labour, difference in body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy and before the delivery, duration of labour, fetal weight and head circumference and maternal age. Results: We found signs of external anal sphincter injury in 12 (46 %) out of 26 patients examined, all of them had only external sphincter injury. None of them had any de novo symptoms regarding defecation or problems restraining winds or stool 6 weeks after delivery (Table 1). There was no significant statistic difference for use of analgetics, stimulation of labour, vacuum extraction and episiotomy. There might be a difference in maternal age, but data was insufficient due to small number of patients. Conclusions: With our research we showed that incidence of sphincter injuries at vaginal delivery in our hospital is underestimated, as we found occult anal sphincter injury in 12 out of 26 patients. The number of patients was small so we were not able to estimate the importance of various possible risk factors for OASIS. All analysed cases showed no significant statistic difference due to small number of patients in the study. All patients were asymptomatic 6 weeks after delivery, but how many of them develop symptoms in later life remains unknown.
Healthcare workers (HCW) can have an important role in educating parents about child road safety, but research on the topic shows that they usually do not have adequate knowledge. Thus, the aim of ...our study was to analyze their knowledge in the field of child road safety.
The cross-sectional study was conducted among HCW from South Bačka district, Serbia, using a specially created questionnaire for assessing knowledge on road traffic injuries in children.
The research involved the participation of 317 healthcare workers (86 physicians and 231 nurses). Healthcare workers from primary healthcare made up almost 70% of all respondents, followed by those from tertiary (21.8%) and secondary (11.3%) level institutions. The average percentage of correct answers on the knowledge test was 74.3% (mean=22.3, SD=4.0). Out of all respondents, HCWs employed in the paediatrics department had a significantly higher percentage of correct answers at 77.7% (mean=23.3, SD=3.4) compared to other health workers at 73% (mean=21.9, SD=4.1) (p=0.002). Association analysis demonstrated that HCW employed at paediatric departments on average scored 1.37 (95% CI: 0.40-2.33, p=0.006) points higher in comparison with other HCW.
This research demonstrated an unsatisfactory level of knowledge on child road safety by HCW, and the variability across different question domains, which underlines the need for continuous educations in order to improve their knowledge. Our results may serve in planning additional public health measures and can provide a reference for future studies.
Lice zavzema največji del obraza in je pogosto mesto nastanka pridobljenih mehkotkivnih sprememb. Najpogostejši vzroki so poškodbe in kožni malignomi. Slednje je potrebno izrezati z varnostnim robom, ...kar ima za posledico velike tkivne vrzeli. Za kritje take vrzeli na licu primarni šiv rane ni mogoč, zato moramo razmisliti o načinu rekonstrukcije z VY, cervikofacialnim ali submentalnim režnjem. Cervikofacialni reženj smo uporabili za kritje vrzeli vzdolž celotne nazolabialne gube v 1. estetski podenoti lica, VY reženj za kritje velike vrzeli superomedialnega dela te podenote, submentalni pa za kritje velike vrzeli v 2. estetski podenoti. Prispevek temeljito opisuje njihove značilnosti, tehnike priprave in klinične primere. Za boljše razumevanje opiše tudi estetske podenote, kožne linije in del anatomije obraza.
The purpose of the research was to analyse the injuries of primary school children in the framework of organised sports activities at school and in clubs or associations, and in leisure time without ...professional guidance.
We surveyed 631 participants, of which there were 282 boys and 349 girls from eight Slovenian primary schools. Frequencies were calculated and a Chi-square test was performed.
In physical education (PE) at school, 32% of the participants were injured in one school year, and there were no statistically significant differences in the number of injuries according to sex (p=0.18) and age (p=0.12). Most injuries were recorded in the lower extremities (50%), in the form of wounds. The participants were injured less often in PE at school than in a club or association, and more often than in their leisure time. The participants were absent from PE classes for longer after an injury in a club or association than in PE, while no significant differences in absences after injury were found. At school, the participants were most often injured in ball games, boys in football (43%) and girls in volleyball (19%). In activities in a club or association, we recorded the most injuries in boys in martial arts (18%) and dance for girls (19%). In their leisure time, boys suffered the most injuries from football (26%) and cycling, while girls suffered the most from running and rollerblading.
In the last ten years, the number of injuries in PE has increased in Slovenia. Based on the obtained results, we propose measures to reduce injuries and thus encourage more sports activities among children and adolescents, while ensuring their safety.
Dance-related injuries have become a field of great interest to researchers, with the most commonly reported injuries being those sustained by ballet dancers. However, there is a lack of research ...into injuries sustained by those who perform modern and hip-hop dance.
A systematic literature review using the MEDLINE research database was performed and a search carried out for full-text studies that investigate injuries in modern and hip-hop dance.
While a total of 74 hits were obtained from various searches, only nine studies were included in the systematic literature review. Six of them examined modern dancers, two examined break dancers and one examined hip-hop dancers. The results show that hip-hop dancers (and especially break dancers) sustain more injuries in comparison to modern dancers. The most common injuries are in the lower extremities, with studies revealing that overuse injuries occur in up to 71% of cases.
The injury incidence rate in hip-hop dance seems to be higher compared to modern dance, chiefly because of the more demanding biomechanics involved and the dance techniques employed. Prevention management can have a positive effect on the number of injuries.
Background: Anal incontinence severely impairs quality of life. It affects 4 to 19 % of women and is statistically related to number of vaginal deliveries. It is grossly underreported and most ...patients that do seek help are referred to gastroenterologists or colorectal surgeons. Incidence of recognized sphincter injuries at time of delivery is 1 to 2 %. However studies with anal ultrasound showed incidence of anal sphincter injuries at 28 to 41 %. Depending on the degree of injury symptoms range from partial to complete inability to control passing of winds, liquid or solid stools. About three thirds of patients are asymp- tomatic in puerperium, however half of them are at risk of developing anal incontinence in later life. Hypoestrogenisem, additional perineal trauma during consequent deliveries and sphincter atrophy can unmask anal sphincter damage years later. Timely recognition and treatment are vital for good long term results and quality of life, if possible immediately after delivery. Good knowledge of perineal anatomy, recognition of risk factors, intense search and appropriate treatment and follow-up are essential to management of anal sphincter injuries. All secondary sphincter repair is less effective. Content: Updated overview of current opinion and guidelines on anal sphincter injuries are pre- sented. Anal sphincter is composed of external anal sphincter (EAS) and internal anal sphincter (IAS). Striated EAS is divided into three parts – subcutaneous, superficial, deep, and con- nected to puborectalis muscle posteriorly. Smooth-muscled IAS is a continuation of a cir- cular smooth-muscle layer of rectum. In between there is a thin longitudinal muscle layer. IAS constitutes 70 % of resting tone and is under constant contraction. EAS contributes to 30 % of resting tone and almost all pressure during active contraction. EAS injury leads to insufficient contraction after rectal sampling and filling which causes urgency – patient can feel the pressure but cannot hold bowel contents for long. IAS injury leads to complete inability to control passing of bowel contents. Perineal tears are classified to four degrees depending on tear depth. With first degree tear only vaginal mucosa is torn, second degree perineal muscles are damaged, third degree describes any tearing of anal sphincter and fourth of rectal mucosa. New guidelines recom- mend further classification of 3rd degree tears: 3a = < 50 % EAS ruptured 3b = > 50 % EAS ruptured 3c = IAS rupture Ultrasound with anal plug is nowadays considered to be the golden standard for diagnosis and follow-up of anal sphincter injuries. Entire length of anal sphincter muscle is shown from U shaped puborectalis muscle to anus. IAS appears as hypo-echoic homogenous circle around rectal mucosa, while EAS appears as outer hyper- echoic heterogenous circle. Dur- ing voluntary contraction distance between ruptured ends of EAS enlarges. 3D ultrasound shows promising results but is not yet standardized. Anal sphincter manometry, pudendal nerve latency and EMG of anal sphincter also contribute valuable information on anal sphincter function and injuries. Risk factors are: fetal weight over 3500g, forceps delivery (but not vacuum extraction) occipito-posterior presentation, shoulder dystocia, prolonged second stage of delivery, median episiotomy, previous anorectal surgery and maternal age over 35 years at first delivery are described as risk factors. Caesarean section prevents anal sphincter injuries. Studies show that restrictive use of mediolateral episiotomy in comparison to spontaneous delivery prevents anal sphincter injuries. Rectal examination prior to suturing perineal tears is essential for timely recognition of anal sphincter injuries. EAS appears more read while IAS smooth muscle has a lighter colour (white meat). Sphincter continuity can be palpated between index finger and thumb (pill-rolling motion) and voluntary contraction felt. Immediately after delivery voluntary contraction can be diminished or absent due to temporary loss of sensation or epidural analgesia. Studies currently show better results with overlap comparing to end-to-end technique for sphincter repair. Further randomised controlled trial will give final answers on the sub- ject. Application of wide-spectrum antibiotics, continued oraly for 5 to 7 days is recommended. No specific diet is needed, patients are advised to take lactulose 15 ml per day for 7 to 10 days and defecate regularly. Application of Foley catheter for 24 hours and NSARs are also recommended. Follow up with anal ultrasound and manometry after 3 to 6 months in perineal clinic is mandatory. Conclusions: Anal sphincter ruptures during vaginal delivery often remain unrecognised, which can later lead to fecal incontinence and impaired quality of life. Timely recognition and proper treatment are vital to good healing results.
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