This book aims to explain the variation in the models of economic liberalization across Ibero-America in the last quarter of the twentieth century, and the legacies they produced for the current ...organization of the political economies. Although the macroeconomics of effective market adjustment evolved in a similar way, the patterns of compensation delivered by neoliberal governments and the type of actors in business and the working class that benefited from them were remarkably different. Etchemendy argues that the most decisive factors that shape adjustment paths are the type of regime and the economic and organizational power with which business and labor emerged from the inward-oriented model. The analysis spans from the origins of state, business and labor industrial actors in the 1930s and 1940s to the politics of compensation under neoliberalism across the Ibero-American world, combined with extensive field work material on Spain, Argentina and Chile.
Using a systems approach, this book examines how transatlantic labor migrations were linked to European circuits of geographic mobility, and explores the development of social networks that were ...crucial in Portuguese migrants’ socioeconomic adaptation in the Argentine pampas and Patagonia.; Readership: Readers interested in social history and historical sociology; labor history; world and transnational history; migration, ethnic and diaspora studies; history of Latin America, southern Europe, and the Atlantic World.
The effectiveness of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) as a rapid analytical technique to get insight in wildfire-induced molecular alterations of the soil organic matter in ...Mediterranean Leptosols was examined. To this end, the topsoil of two slopes with adjacent patches of burnt and unburnt Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster) and eucalypt plantations (Eucalyptus globulus) were sampled in the Serra de Lousã, central Portugal. Several differences were found between the neighbouring burnt and unburnt soils, both in thermal desorption and pyrolysis behaviour. Thermal desorption results showed large amounts of aliphatic compounds (both alkyl and carbohydrate-derived compounds), which may indicate the incorporation of fresh plant material or low wildfire severity. Pyrolysis at 500°C revealed an increase of low molecular weight molecules for certain homologous series in fire-affected soils, suggesting the occurrence of thermal breakdown and cracking of long-chain components. In addition, the presence of several thermo-labile markers pointed to the low severity of the wildfire. Elemental analysis indicated marked fire-induced increases in TOC and TN for the pine stand as opposed to noticeable decreases for the eucalypt stands. Probably, this contrast between the two sites is not due to differences in direct fire effects (especially fire severity) but to indirect fire effects i.e. in particular needle/leaf fall from affected canopies.
► Pyrolysis–GC/MS studies changes into the soil organic matter due to fire. ► Adjacent burnt/unburnt Maritime Pine and eucalypt plantations are compared. ► Thermal desorption and pyrolysis indicated low-severity wildfire. ► Indirect fire effects could explain contrasting differences in un-/burnt TOC and TN.
Fire-enhanced runoff generation and erosion are an important concern in recently burnt areas worldwide but their mitigation has received little public and scientific attention in Portugal. The ...present study addressed this knowledge gap for the two principal fire-prone forest types in Portugal, testing the effectiveness of a type of mulch that is widely available in the study region but has been little utilized and poorly studied so far. For logistic reasons, two somewhat different forest residue mulches were tested in a eucalypt plantation (eucalypt chopped bark) and a nearby Maritime Pine stand (eucalypt logging slash). Arguably, however, more important differences between the two study sites were those in fire severity, resulting in an elevated litter cover prior to mulching at the pine site but not at the eucalypt site, and in experimental design, with eight bounded erosion plots of 16m2 installed at the eucalypt site as opposed to only four at the pine site (due to its limited size). Mulching was applied four months after the wildfire and two months after installation of the plots. Rainfall, runoff and sediment and organic matter losses were measured on a 1- to 2-weekly basis. Mulching proved highly effective at the eucalypt site, on average reducing the runoff coefficient from 26 to 15% and sediment losses from 5.41 to 0.74Mgha−1. This mulching effect was also statistically significant, albeit only for the more important runoff and erosion events, and corresponded to a significant role of litter cover in explaining the variation in runoff and erosion. At the pine site, by contrast, mulching had no obvious effect. In all probability, this was first and foremost due to the comparatively small amounts of runoff and sediments produced by the untreated pine plots (5% and 0.32Mgha−1) and, as such, due to the extensive needle cast following a low severity fire.
► The effectiveness of two forests residue mulching was monitored after a wildfire. ► Chopped bark mulch reduced runoff and erosion in a eucalypt plantation. ► Slash logging mulch in a pine plantation did not show differences. ► Soil water repellency and soil cover were key factors addressing runoff and erosion.
It would seem unlikely that one could discover tolerant religious attitudes in Spain, Portugal, and the New World colonies during the era of the Inquisition, when enforcement of Catholic orthodoxy ...was widespread and brutal. Yet this groundbreaking book does exactly that. Drawing on an enormous body of historical evidence-including records of the Inquisition itself-the historian Stuart Schwartz investigates the idea of religious tolerance and its evolution in the Hispanic world from 1500 to 1820. Focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of common people rather than those of intellectual elites, the author finds that no small segment of the population believed in freedom of conscience and rejected the exclusive validity of the Church.
The book explores various sources of tolerant attitudes, the challenges that the New World presented to religious orthodoxy, the complex relations between "popular" and "learned" culture, and many related topics. The volume concludes with a discussion of the relativist ideas that were taking hold elsewhere in Europe during this era.
Between 1730 and 1750, Domingos Alvares traversed the colonial Atlantic world like few Africans of his time--from Africa to South America to Europe. By tracing the steps of this powerful African ...healer and vodun priest, James Sweet finds dramatic means for unfolding a history of the eighteenth-century Atlantic world in which healing, religion, kinship, and political subversion were intimately connected.Alvares treated many people across the Atlantic, yet healing was rarely a simple matter of remedying illness and disease. Through the language of health and healing, Alvares also addressed the profound alienation of warfare, capitalism, and the African slave trade. As a result, he and other African healers frequently ran afoul of imperial power brokers. Nevertheless, even the powerful suffered isolation in the Atlantic world and often turned to African healers for answers. In this way, healers simultaneously became fierce critics of Atlantic imperialism and expert translators of it, adapting their therapeutic strategies in order to secure social relevance and even power. By tracing Alvares' frequent uprooting and border crossing, Sweet illuminates how African healing practices evolved in the diaspora, contesting the social and political hierarchies of imperialism while also making profound impacts on the intellectual discourse of the "modern" Atlantic world.
This groundbreaking monograph explores the fascinating social context of "witchcraft" trials in Portugal during the long eighteenth century, when conventional medical practitioners, motivated by a ...desire to promote "scientific" medicine, worked within the Holy Office to prosecute superstitious folk healers.
