Umjetna inteligencija ostvaruje sve snažniji prodor u različite aspekte svakodnevnog života. Prednosti umjetne inteligencije u smislu povečanja učinkovitosti i isplativosti mnogih poslova čine je ...nezaobilaznim čimbenikom razvoja društva. Iako je taj razvoj još uvijek izraženiji u SAD-u i pojedinim razvijenijim azijskim zemljama, neupitno je da če ovaj trend u bližoj budućnosti prevladati i u Europi. S obzirom na to da primjena umjetne inteligencije donosi i različite vrste rizika, od kojih neki izravno ugrožavaju najviša pravna dobra poput života i tijela ili imovine, postavlja se pitanje kako postici odgovarajući stupanj kaznenopravne zaštite u ovom području. Tradicionalno kazneno pravo zasniva se na načelima koja su prilagođena čovjeku kao počinitelju kaznenog djela pa novi trendovi otvaraju potrebu preispitivanja temeljnih postavki kaznenog prava. Ovaj rad promatra spomenutu problematiku iz perspektive posebnog dijela kaznenog prava. Najprije se utvrđuju područja od primarnog interesa kaznenopravne zaštite, kada je u pitanju kriminalitet umjetne inteligencije. Potom se analizira i preispituje hrvatsko zakonodavstvo, s ciljem da se utvrdi jesu li postojeće odredbe posebnog dijela Kaznenog zakona u promatranim područjima dovoljne da osiguraju adekvatnu kaznenopravnu reakciju. Dolazi se do zaključka daje to samo djelomično, tako da i u tom pogledu postoje pravne praznine. Autori ujedno predlažu određene promjene de lege ferenda, na mjestima gdje se to pokazuje svrhovitim i potrebnim.
pritisaka. Iako se disrupcije u opskrbnim lancima u pravilu javljaju povremeno, imaju
velik utjecaj na porast troškova te stvaranje snažnih poremećaja u poslovanju. Pandemija
COVID-19 uzdrmala je ...svjetski opskrbni lanac kako ranije nije viđeno. Na tako
iznenadan šok adekvatno nisu mogla odgovoriti čak ni poduzeća s uspostavljenim visoko
kvalitetnim sustavima upravljanja rizikom. Godinama se najveći dio svjetske robne
razmjene odvija pomorskim putem ponajprije zbog učinkovitosti te ekonomičnosti koju
isti nudi. Uslijed pandemije COVID-19 došlo je do značajnijih promjena na tržištu što je
rezultiralo ranije nezabilježenim rastom vozarina u kontejnerskom pomorskom prometu.
Rast vozarina na ovom tržištu predstavlja globalni problem jer će se isti, razmjerno o
uključenosti pojedinih potrošačkih dobara u opskrbne lance, odraziti i na njihove cijene.
Oporavak cjelokupnog svjetskog gospodarstva je ugrožen ovako visokim vozarinama u
kontejnerskom pomorskom prometu, a i dodatno ugrožava stabilnost opskrbnih lanaca.
Stoga je u fokusu ovog rada volatilnost vozarina na kontejnerskom pomorskom tržištu
koja se javila uslijed pandemije COVID-19.
The challenge of converting global agricultural food, fiber and energy crop cultivation into an ecologically and economically sustainable production process requires the most efficient agricultural ...management strategies. Development, control and maintenance of these strategies are highly dependent on temporally and spatially continuous information on crop status at the field scale. This paper introduces the application of a process-based, coupled hydro-agroecological model (PROMET) for the simulation of temporally and spatially dynamic crop growth on agriculturally managed fields. By assimilating optical remote sensing data into the model, the simulation of spatial crop dynamics is improved to a point where site-specific farming measures can be supported. Radiative transfer modeling (SLC) is used to provide maps of leaf area index from Earth Observation (EO). These maps are used in an assimilation scheme that selects closest matches between EO and PROMET ensemble runs. Validation is provided for winter wheat (years 2004, 2010 and 2011). Field samples validate the temporal dynamics of the simulations (avg. R super(2) = 0.93) and > 700 ha of calibrated combine harvester data are used for accuracy assessment of the spatial yield simulations (avg. RMSE = 1.15 t times ha-1). The study shows that precise simulation of field-scale crop growth and yield is possible, if spatial remotely sensed information is combined with temporal dynamics provided by land surface process models. The presented methodology represents a technical solution to make the best possible use of the growing stream of EO data in the context of sustainable land surface management.
U Drugom svjetskom ratu riječko-sušačka luka doživjela je devastirajuća razaranja koja su velikim materijalnim ulaganjima postupno sanirana do sredine 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća. Rekonstrukcija ...putničke luke i obale Riva (tadašnja Obala jugoslavenske mornarice) predstavljala je iznimku jer se nije težilo vratiti predratno stanje, već iskoristiti jedinstvenu priliku da se provedu prostorne korekcije u cilju uspješnijeg suživota grada i luke. Zalaganjem niza stručnjaka koji su u različitim fazama bili uključeni u projekt (ing. Yvonne Clerici, ing. Zdenko Kolacio, ing. Zdenko Sila, ing. Dragutin Adam i drugi), do 1960. godine putnička luka je povećana izvedbom novog Gata 29. novembar (danas Gat Karoline Riječke), obalni pojas od Žabice do Rive Boduli proširen je radi prostornog razgraničenja različitih vrsta prometa, dobio je suvremenu infrastrukturu i javnu rasvjetu, oplemenjen je drvoredima i novim gradskim parkom. Izrađeni su i planovi za neostvarene investicije, poput parobrodarske putničke stanice i reprezentativnog gradskog hotela koji je smjerao transformirati maritimnu fasadu Rijeke. U članku je prezentirana kronologija projekta, procesi odlučivanja i rezultati urbanističko-arhitektonskih zahvata.
Creating a long-term traffic development strategy by introducing a sustainable traffic system represents a strategic interest of any country, its regions, settlements, towns and cities. In the focus ...thereof ought to be raising the quality of life of inhabitants and visitors, and ensuring a better mobility for all the users of the traffic system. The City of Bjelovar and the Bjelovar-Bilogora County are very favourably positioned in the geographical and traffic-related sense; nevertheless, the process of the development of the traffic system has not used the full potential of this position. Hence, the strategically and economically important traffic lines oriented East–West and North–South detour this region. This paper analyses the spatial and traffic features of the City of Bjelovar and the Bjelovar-Bilogora County, taking thereby into consideration the potentials for sustainable traffic development and higher-quality integration in relation to the traffic web surrounding this area. The conclusions reached as a result of the conducted analysis present basic tenets needed for defining the follow-up development of a sustainable traffic system of the City of Bjelovar and the Bjelovar-Bilogora County. Since the economic and social development of the City of Bjelovar and the Bjelovar-Bilogora County has been enabled by quality road and railway connections, it is necessary to launch new and improve the present traffic lines oriented East–West and North–South. In addition to connecting the Bjelovar-Bilogora County with national and international traffic lines, the priority lies in improving the internal County traffic system. It is crucial to solidly and sustainably connect the City of Bjelovar with other towns in the County, depending on and in relation to the existing and future traffic-related demand. The City of Bjelovar, being the County centre, ought to set an example for other towns by choosing the best way to manage the traffic system, aimed at achieving the development of the city itself and of the whole Bjelovar-Bilogora County.
Organizacija za ekonomsku suradnju i razvoj (OECD Seed Schemes) međunarodna je organizacija sa sjedištem u Parizu koja regulira promet sjemena na međunarodnom tržištu. OECD Poljoprivredni kodovi i ...sheme otvoreni su za sve članice ali i za ostale države koje nisu članice OECD-a odnosno za države koje su članice Ujedinjenih naroda ili Svjetske trgovinske organizacije. Republika Hrvatska prepoznala je prednosti članstva stoga je domaći sektor sjemenarstva uspio plasirati sjeme koje je poznato po visokoj kakvoći na zahtjevna međunarodna tržišta. Članstvom u OECD Seed Schemes Centar za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo Hrvatske agencije za poljoprivredu i hranu od 1998. godine preuzeo je brigu oko nadzora sjemenske proizvodnje, pred i post kontrole i izdavanja certifikata za sjeme. Ova važna organizacija propisala je službene procedure, metode i tehnike tijekom umnažanja sjemena kako bi se održao identitet i genetska čistoća genotipova. OECD certifikat jamči kupcu određenu kvalitetu sjemena, a Republika Hrvatska je ovim sustavom certificiranja ostvarila suficit u korist izvoza sjemena.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Seed Schemes is an international organization based in Paris that regulates seed trade on the international market. OECD Agricultural Codes and Schemes are open to all members, but also to other countries that are not members of the OECD or for countries that are members of the United Nations or the World Trade Organization. The Republic of Croatia has recognized the advantages of membership, which enables the domestic seed sector to market seeds known for their high quality on demanding international markets. By becoming a member of the OECD Seed Schemes Center for Seed and seedlings of the Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food has taken over the supervision of seed production, pre-control and post-control and issuing of seed certificates since 1998. This important organization has prescribed official procedures, methods and techniques during seed propagation to maintain the identity and genetic purity of genotypes. The OECD certificate guarantees the customer a certain seed quality and the Republic of Croatia achieved sufficiency with this certification system in favor of seed export.
This article presents a novel system that produces multiyear high-resolution irrigation water demand maps for agricultural areas, enabling a new level of detail for irrigation support for farmers and ...agricultural stakeholders. The system is based on a scalable distributed deep learning (DL) model trained on dense time series of Sentinel-2 images and a large training set for the first year of observation and fine tuned on new labeled data for the consecutive years. The trained models are used to generate multiyear crop type maps, which are assimilated together with the Sentinel-2 dense time series and the meteorological data into a physically based agrohydrological model to derive the irrigation water demand for different crops. To process the required large volume of multiyear Copernicus Sentinel-2 data, the software architecture of the proposed system has been built on the integration of the Food Security thematic exploitation platform (TEP) and the data-intensive artificial intelligence Hopsworks platform. While the Food Security TEP provides easy access to Sentinel-2 data and the possibility of developing processing algorithms directly in the cloud, the Hopsworks platform has been used to train DL algorithms in a distributed manner. The experimental analysis was carried out in the upper part of the Danube Basin for the years 2018, 2019, and 2020 considering 37 Sentinel-2 tiles acquired in Austria, Moravia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Germany.
Ovaj rad se bavi problematikom potpore javnog prijevoza kao i njegovom integracijom da bi se osigurala održiva mobilnost populacije. Ističe se značaj javnog prijevoza te se navode razlozi zašto ...generalna populacija preferira automobilski prijevoz. Cilj rada je analizirati javni putnički prijevoz izuzevši individualne načine prijevoza te se zaključuje da se javni ne može mjeriti sa individualnim automobilskim transportom (po broju putnika). U radu se predlaže način integracije javnog putničkog prijevoza i ističe ključne elemente za povećanje sigurnosti na cestama. Dodatno, ovo istraživanje potvrđuje hipotezu da se poboljšanjem javnog prijevoza kao i povećanim brojem korisnika istog povećava sigurnost na cestama.
Climate change affects the hydrological cycle of river basins and strongly impacts water resource availability. The mechanistic hydrological model PROMET was driven with an ensemble of EURO-CORDEX ...regional climate model projections under the emission scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 to analyze changes in temperature, precipitation, soil water content, plant water stress, snow water equivalent (SWE) and runoff dynamics in the Danube River Basin (DRB) in the near (2031–2060) and far future (2071–2100) compared to the historical reference (1971–2000). Climate change impacts remain moderate for RCP2.6 and become severe for RCP8.5, exhibiting strong year-round warming trends in the far future with wetter winters in the Upper Danube and drier summers in the Lower Danube, leading to decreasing summer soil water contents, increasing plant water stress and decreasing SWE. Discharge seasonality of the Danube River shifts toward increasing winter runoff and decreasing summer runoff, while the risk of high flows increases along the entire Danube mainstream and the risk of low flows increases along the Lower Danube River. Our results reveal increasing climate change-induced discrepancies between water surplus and demand in space and time, likely leading to intensified upstream–downstream and inter-sectoral water competition in the DRB under climate change.
Iznoseći pregled pravnih akata čija rješenja, kao rezultat aktivnih klimatsko-pomorskih politika na europskoj i globalnoj razini, jamče smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova u pomorskom prometu – ...autorica ukazuje na značaj rješenja o uvođenju obveznih, globalnih, minimalnih standarda energetske učinkovitosti brodova u međunarodnoj plovidbi. Osnovno polazište ovog istraživanja čini analiza Pravila 22A izmijenjenog Priloga VI. Konvencije MARPOL kojim se uspostavlja pravni okvir obveznog globalnog sustava prikupljanja podataka o potrošnji loživih ulja na brodovima (IMO DCS), a prema kojemu su, od 1. siječnja 2019. godine, brodari dužni prikupljati podatke o potrošnji goriva za brodove iznad 5000 BT u međunarodnoj pomorskoj plovidbi te izvještavati o potrošnji goriva od ožujka 2020. godine. U radu se posebna pozornost posvećuje analizi regulatorne aktivnosti europskog zakonodavstva iz 2019. godine u odnosu na Prijedlog Uredbe Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o izmjeni Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 i nastojanja ostvarivanja potpune usklađenosti europskog i globalnog sustava prikupljanja podataka o emisijama i potrošnji goriva na brodovima, a u cilju smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova iz pomorskog prometa. U središtu pozornosti su pitanja ocjene uspješnosti usklađivanja rješenja Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 s globalnim sustavom IMO DCS prema Prijedlogu Uredbe Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o izmjeni Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 iz 2019. godine.
Presenting an overview of legal acts whose solutions, as a result of active climate and maritime policies at European and global level, guarantee the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport - the author points out the importance of the decision on the introduction of mandatory, global, minimum energy efficiency standards for ships in international shipping. The basic starting point of this research is the analysis of Rule 22A of amended Annex VI. MARPOL Convention which establishes a legal framework for the mandatory global data collection system for fuel oil consumption of ships (IMO DCS), according to which, from 1 January 2019, shipowners are required to collect fuel oil consumption data for ships above 5,000 GT and above in international shipping and to report on fuel oil consumption as of March 2020. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the regulatory activity of the European legislation of 2019 in relation to the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 and the efforts to achieve full harmonisation of the European and global system of collecting data on emissions and fuel oil consumption on ships, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport. The focus is on the assessment of the effectiveness of aligning the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2015/757 with the global IMO DCS system under the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 from 2019.
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