Influenca ptica i drugih životinja Savić, Vladimir
Medicus (Zagreb, Croatia : 1992),
01/2011, Letnik:
20, Številka:
1_Influenca
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Virusi influence tipa A izdvojeni su iz brojnih vrsta ptica i sisavaca, no prirodni domaćin ovih virusa su divlje ptice koje žive uz vodu, primjerice patke, guske, galebovi i njima srodne ptice. ...Ostale vrste koje bivaju zaražene virusima influence A, a to su poglavito kokoš, puran, svinja, konj i čovjek, smatramo aberantnim domaćinima. Velika većina virusa influence A potpuno je prilagođena upravo vodenim pticama u kojih zaražavanje ne uzrokuje znakove bolesti i takvi su virusi u ovih domaćina u evolucijskoj stazi. Nasuprot tomu, vrlo intenzivna evolucija u aberantnim domaćinima pripisuje se selekcijskom pritisku zbog prilagodbe ovih virusa novom domaćinu. Ovakva prilagodba može rezultirati i vrlo visokom virulencijom za novog domaćina, a katkad i za druge vrste.
Spring migration of birds, particularly waterbirds and raptors, was monitored from dawn till dusk from an observation point located on the levee on the northern side of the Medvedce reservoir ...(Dravsko polje, NE Slovenia) in three separate years (1-17 Mar 2009; 25 Mar-10 Apr 2011; 28 Feb-12 Apr 2012). In all three years, 42,045 individuals of 89 species (66 waterbirds, 23 raptors) migrated over the site. 38,238 of these were waterbirds. The most numerous species was Lapwing Vanellus vanellus (11,813 individuals), followed by Blackheaded Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus (10,515 individuals). In total, 3807 migratory storks, raptors and Cranes Grus grus were counted. Harriers (2303 individuals) were by far the most numerous group. The prevailing direction of migration was SW-NE. Half of all migrating birds were observed in the altitudinal belt between 10 and 100 m above ground level. Harriers were mostly observed up to 100 m above ground level, whereas storks, other raptors and Cranes were observed most often in the altitudinal belt between 100 and 500 m above ground level. The highest numbers of waterbirds were observed between 10 and 100 m above ground level. In the first five hours after sunrise, 61.3% of all waterbirds, 44.0% of all storks and raptors and only 20.5% of Cranes were observed. Although other parts of Dravsko polje have never been studied in such detail, it is possible that a significant portion of migrating birds from a larger area gathers at this site. This study confirms the importance of the area for migrating and staging birds, especially for Great Egret Ardea alba, Marsh Circus aeruginosus and Hen Harriers C. cyaneus, Osprey Pandion haliaetus, Crane, Ruff Calidris pugnax and Black-headed Gull that all reached at least 0.1% of their respective biogeographic populations. Internationally significant are particularly the numbers of migrating Marsh (1079 individuals in 2012) and Hen Harriers (408 individuals in 2012), as there are only few sites where these species migrate in such high numbers in spring.
U ovome se radu, na temelju dvojice suvremenih hrvatskih pjesnika, Dinka Telećana i Marka Pogačara, analizira funkcija ptica u njihovu pjesništvu. Prikazuju se načini na koje njihovi lirski subjekti ...govore o pticama, što one za njih predstavljaju, kako se oni konstruiraju u odnosu na njih, kako putem njih konstruiraju ideje o svijetu i književnosti. U radu se polazi od teze da je riječ o dvama, prije svega na idejnoj razini, suprotstavljenim pogledima na svijet i književnost. Na stilskoj razini razlika se može uočiti u načinu uporabe slika. Telećan je pjesnik koji je, kada je riječ o hipermetaforičnosti i manirizaciji, krajnje reduciran, dok je Pogačar pjesnik jakih metafora i nerijetko slika generiranih tradicijom nadrealističke logike. Njihove se poetike poklapaju po pitanju nekih tipičnih postmodernističkih strategija kao što su intertekstualnost, specifično uvlačenje tradicije u vlastiti diskurs, autoreferencijalost, autopoetičnost, metajezičnost, poništavanje autorske pozicije i sl. U završnom poglavlju obje se poetike razmatraju u okviru ekopoetike i ekokritike s ciljem da se prikaže implicitna etičnost koja izbija iz njihovih pjesama, potičući čitatelje i čitateljice na refleksivniji i brižniji pristup prirodi i okolišu.
In the last 150 years, 49 raptor species belonging to the families Pandionidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Tytonidae, Strigidae and Laniidae have been recorded in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, ...little is known about their populations. In comparison with historical data, their status has changed significantly, while nine species became extinct or probably extinct as breeders. In this paper, data on the present status of raptor populations is presented, as well as problems and the possibilities of developing species monitoring in Bosnia and Herzegovina. So far, no raptor monitoring has been established in the form of a long-term programme. The establishment of such programme is hampered by a number of reasons (lack of observers, lack of financial resources, lack of experience and knowledge, etc.). Monitoring of raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina is needed to improve knowledge of the local populations as well as to protect these birds and their habitats. Also, this programme would be significant for the studies concerning the construction of various facilities (e.g. wind turbines). One of the important points of the development programme is to mobilize international cooperation and projects to solve current problems
Inhalation of pollen belonging to the species of Ambrosia may cause hypersensitivity reactions. Feed for wild birds is one of the factors that contribute to the spread of these plants. For this ...reason an amendment to the Directive on undesirable substances in animal feed (2002/32/EC) was added, in 2010 stating that animal feed made of unground cereals can contain up to 50 mg of Ambrosia spp. seeds per kilogram (UL L 290/54). Due to the lack of data, 40 samples of feed for wild birds were examined with a microscopic method. Ambrosia spp. seeds were found in 20 samples (50%). The number of seeds was from 2 to 146 (10 mg to 774 mg). In accordance with the legislation, results were expressed relative to a feed with the moisture content of 12%. Five samples (12.5%) exceeded the permitted value.
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Between April 2007 and April 2008, 40 systematic waterbird counts were conducted on the Drava River between Lake Maribor and the Melje Dam (length 8.5 km, area 155 ha) to determine the specific ...composition, abundance and seasonal dynamics of bird occurrence. Between October and May, counts were conducted every week, whereas between June and September they were carried out once every two weeks. In total, 26,803 individuals of 30 species were counted. The number of waterbirds and diversity of species were the highest from late December to late February, when more than 1,000 individuals were regularly present in the area. Waterbirds were distributed along the river unequally, with the highest number of birds present yearround in the city centre and in the first counting sector of Lake Maribor. The Mallard Anas platyrhynchos and Mute Swan Cygnus olor were recorded during every count, while occurrence frequency was greater than 50% in another 10 species. Dominant species in terms of percentage composition were Mallard, Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Coot Fulica atra, Mute Swan, Pochard Aythya ferina and Tufted Duck Ay. fuligula. Mute Swan and Mallard were the only breeding waterbirds in the study area. Both the total number of waterbirds and the highest daily total in the first two counting sectors were greater between October and March 1992/93 than in our study. The decline in numbers was the greatest for Mallard, Pochard and Tufted Duck, while an increase was noted in Mute Swan and Yellow-legged / Caspian Gull Larus michahellis / cachinnans. The total number of waterbirds and the number of some species in the study area were significantly higher than expected solely based on its length compared to the length of the lowland Drava in Slovenia (125.7 km). The study area is conservationally important for Pochard, Tufted Duck and Black-headed Gull
Encefalitis zapadnog Nila je bolest koja se prenosi komarcima i široko je rasprostranjena na istočnoj hemisferi. Autohtona je u Africi, Srednjem Istoku, jugozapadnoj Aziji, Europi i Australiji. Virus ...encefalitisa zapadnog Nila (WNV) je poznat kao uzročnik akutne febrilne bolesti s osipom, poliartropatijom, limfadenopatijom i encefalitisom ponekad praćenim upalom jetre ili gušterače. Infekcija u ljudi je najčešće subklinička. Dvostruko su učestalije subkliničke naspram kliničkih manifestacija, a meningoencefalitis se pojavljuje u svega 0,7% inficiranih. Najveći čimbenik rizika za ozbiljne neurološke poteškoće i smrtni ishod je poodmakla dob preko 70 godina, te imunokompromitiranost. Virus uobičajeno cirkulira između ptica selica i komaraca te slučajno prelazi na ljude i konje. Povremeno ili sezonski, bolest se može pojaviti u obliku epidemija izvan svojih prirodnih žarišta, a uzročnik tada prelazi interkontinentalne barijere putovima ptica selica i/ili vektorima komarcima putem avionskog prometa. Epidemije WNV u ljudi su opisane u Egiptu, Izraelu, Južnoj Africi, Europi i Aziji. Virus je proširen u cijeloj Europi. Kao i u ostalih zoonoza, u rizične skupine ubrajamo populaciju koja je zbog boravka u prirodi, češće izložena prijenosnicima ovog virusa.
We investigated the scale and characteristics of spring migration of soaring birds in Bourgas district, SE Bulgaria during three 5-day periods in March (27th-31st), April (20th-24th) and May ...(12th-16th) 2008. Simultaneous counts were carried out from six observation points in two separate areas (Karnobat and Sredets), located 24.5 km and 37.3 km inland from the Black Sea coast, respectively. In total, 31,049 soaring birds of at least 27 species were counted, by far the most numerous being the White Stork Ciconia ciconia (23,358 ind.), followed by the Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina (3,112 ind.). In Karnobat area, situated farther from the Black Sea coast, the total number of soaring migrants (21,231) was more than two-fold higher than in Sredets area (9,818). Overall, there was a significant difference in flock size and flight altitude within separate area (i.e. among observation points) as well as between the two observation areas and the three 5-day periods. However, there was a substantial variance in factors significantly affecting the flock size and flight altitude among most numerous individual species. In general, birds passed at much higher altitude above Karnobat area (mean flight altitude 208.3 m ± 6.4) compared to Sredets area (mean flight altitude 130.5 m ± 4.4). In both observation areas, northern direction was the most commonly observed flight direction (46.3% of all recorded flight directions). The highest numbers of soaring migrants passed in the late afternoon, between 15.00 and 18.00 hrs - 11,554 individuals (43.0% of all birds counted). The study confirmed that the front of Western Black Sea migration route, or "Via Pontica" as part of the Mediterranean/Black Sea Flyway in SE Bulgaria, is rather wide, since the magnitude of inland migration in Bourgas district can be compared with that along the Black Sea coast, at least during spring migration. Both observation areas qualify as Important Bird Areas (IBA) of European importance according to the several BirdLife International criteria. We recommend that any new wind farms built should avoid the area of Hisar Hill south of Karnobat and the NW parts of Sredets Municipality.
Značilnosti spomladanske selitve jadrajočih ptic v notranjosti JV Bolgarije
Za galebove je kao divlje ptice selice poznato da mogu na velike udaljenosti širiti različite patogene. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio odrediti prevalenciju različitih vrsta roda Listeria u populaciji ...galebova koji se hrane na Zagrebačkom odlagalištu otpada. Sveukupno je pretraženo 390 galebova triju vrsta: galeb klaukavac - Larus michahellis; riječni galeb - L. ridibundus i burni galeb - L. canus. Najzastupljenija vrsta bila je L. innocua (14,4 %), dok je L. monocytogenes dokazana u 11,3 % ispitanih uzoraka. Prisutnost ostalih
vrsta zastupljena je u manjem postotku i to L. welshimeri (1,3 %), L. ivanovii (0,5 %) i L. seeligeri (0,3 %). Serotipizacija izolata L. monocytogenes provedena je molekularnim i konvencionalnim metodama, a većina izolata pripadala je serotipovima 1/2a i 1/2b. Prema našem saznanju, ova studija donosi prve rezultate istraživanja prisutnosti L. monocytogenes i drugih vrsta roda Listeria u divljih ptica u Hrvatskoj.
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