Radiology of fibrosis part II: abdominal organs Tarchi, Sofia Maria; Salvatore, Mary; Lichtenstein, Philip ...
Journal of translational medicine,
07/2024, Letnik:
22, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Abstract Fibrosis is the aberrant process of connective tissue deposition from abnormal tissue repair in response to sustained tissue injury caused by hypoxia, infection, or physical damage. It can ...affect almost all organs in the body causing dysfunction and ultimate organ failure. Tissue fibrosis also plays a vital role in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The early and accurate diagnosis of organ fibrosis along with adequate surveillance are helpful to implement early disease-modifying interventions, important to reduce mortality and improve quality of life. While extensive research has already been carried out on the topic, a thorough understanding of how this relationship reveals itself using modern imaging techniques has yet to be established. This work outlines the ways in which fibrosis shows up in abdominal organs and has listed the most relevant imaging technologies employed for its detection. New imaging technologies and developments are discussed along with their promising applications in the early detection of organ fibrosis.
Radiology of fibrosis. Part I: Thoracic organs Tarchi, Sofia Maria; Salvatore, Mary; Lichtenstein, Philip ...
Journal of translational medicine,
07/2024, Letnik:
22, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract Sustained injury from factors such as hypoxia, infection, or physical damage may provoke improper tissue repair and the anomalous deposition of connective tissue that causes fibrosis. This ...phenomenon may take place in any organ, ultimately leading to their dysfunction and eventual failure. Tissue fibrosis has also been found to be central in both the process of carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Thus, its prompt diagnosis and regular monitoring is necessary for implementing effective disease-modifying interventions aiming to reduce mortality and improve overall quality of life. While significant research has been conducted on these subjects, a comprehensive understanding of how their relationship manifests through modern imaging techniques remains to be established. This work intends to provide a comprehensive overview of imaging technologies relevant to the detection of fibrosis affecting thoracic organs as well as to explore potential future advancements in this field.
Keywords Placenta accreta; Post-partum haemorrhage; Interventional radiology; Arterial embolisation; Temporary balloon occlusion Highlights * Interventional radiology techniques aim to reduce ...morbidity in women with PASD. * Arterial embolisation is highly effective in treating bleeding associated with PASD. * Preventative techniques are used as adjuncts to surgery to reduce bleeding. * The most complex cases are likely to benefit from management in high-volume centres. Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders are rare but potentially life-threatening obstetric conditions, which can result in severe post-partum haemorrhage (PPH). Traditional management necessitates peripartum hysterectomy, but this carries high rates of morbidity and mortality. More recently, interventional radiology techniques have been developed in order to reduce morbidity and preserve fertility. This article summarises and compares the various reported interventional radiology techniques. Arterial embolisation performed to treat PPH is the therapeutic option which is supported by the highest degree of evidence. The role of preventative procedures, such as temporary balloon occlusion of the internal iliac arteries or distal aorta, continues to be debated due to conflicting outcome data and concerns regarding associated morbidity. The choice of which, if any, interventional radiological technique is utilised is determined by local expertise, available resources and the planned obstetric approach. The most complex patients are likely to benefit from multidisciplinary management in high-volume centres. Author Affiliation: St George's Hospital University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW17 0QT, United Kingdom * Corresponding author. 70 Northcote Road, Twickenham, TW1 1PA, United Kingdom. Byline: Benjamin R. Hawthorn b.hawthorn@nhs.net (*), Lakshmi A. Ratnam Lakshmi.ratnam@nhs.net
In soft ferromagnetic materials, the smoothly varying magnetization leads to the formation of fundamental patterns such as domains, vortices and domain walls. These have been studied extensively in ...thin films of thicknesses up to around 200 nanometres, in which the magnetization is accessible with current transmission imaging methods that make use of electrons or soft X-rays. In thicker samples, however, in which the magnetization structure varies throughout the thickness and is intrinsically three dimensional, determining the complex magnetic structure directly still represents a challenge. We have developed hard-X-ray vector nanotomography with which to determine the three-dimensional magnetic configuration at the nanoscale within micrometre-sized samples. We imaged the structure of the magnetization within a soft magnetic pillar of diameter 5 micrometres with a spatial resolution of 100 nanometres and, within the bulk, observed a complex magnetic configuration that consists of vortices and antivortices that form cross-tie walls and vortex walls along intersecting planes. At the intersections of these structures, magnetic singularities-Bloch points-occur. These were predicted more than fifty years ago but have so far not been directly observed. Here we image the three-dimensional magnetic structure in the vicinity of the Bloch points, which until now has been accessible only through micromagnetic simulations, and identify two possible magnetization configurations: a circulating magnetization structure and a twisted state that appears to correspond to an 'anti-Bloch point'. Our imaging method enables the nanoscale study of topological magnetic structures in systems with sizes of the order of tens of micrometres. Knowledge of internal nanomagnetic textures is critical for understanding macroscopic magnetic properties and for designing bulk magnets for technological applications.
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