This comprehensive study investigates the intricate interplay between geodiversity, geohazards, and anthropogenic influences within the Kratovska Reka catchment—an area distinguished by its ...remarkable geosites. Kratovska Reka, spanning a length of 17.3 km, serves as the left tributary to Kriva Reka. The watershed of Kratovska Reka, covering an area of 68.5 km2, is situated on the northwestern inclines of the Osogovo Mts in North Macedonia. Despite harboring exceptional geodiversity, the area lacks protective measures for its myriad geosites. Evaluating susceptibility to geohazards, including excessive erosion, landslides, and flash floods, this research identifies heightened risk zones, particularly in the valley of Kratovska Reka and its tributaries. A multi-hazard model reveals that 56.07% of the basin is vulnerable to geohazards. The study correlates lithological composition, relief features, and morphometric characteristics with geohazards, emphasizing the significance of paleovolcanic relief in resisting excessive erosion. Human-induced factors, notably deforestation and inappropriate land use, amplify geohazards. This research underscores the urgent need for geosite protection and sustainable land management to mitigate geohazards’ impacts. Additionally, it explores the correlation between land use practices and geodiversity, emphasizing the importance of responsible land management in safeguarding the geological and geomorphological values of the researched area.
After the 1st May 2004, when new countries joined the European Union, the need was felt to link these states through an infrastructure network of motorway and railway links (high speed—HS/high ...capacity—HC) easily able to transport all possible goods throughout Europe. Within this framework, 14 different projects were developed with the aim of linking important cities. One of these links is the Corridor V connecting Lisbon (Portugal) to Kiev (Ukraine) and assigning a strategic role to Italy with respect to the integration process of these countries. In detail, part of the Corridor V is expected to start from Venice, reaching Trieste and from here on to Ljubljana (Slovenia) before proceeding to Budapest and finally reaching Kiev in Ukraine. The whole development (from Portugal to Ukraine) is approximately 4,000 km long of which, about 30 km (less than 1 % of the entire route), falls within the Italian Classical Karst area, a highly karstified zone, renowned worldwide as one of the best karst landscapes on the planet. The present paper regards the GIS statistical methodological approach used to identify the degree of karstification of the Italian Classical Karst providing the stakeholders all the necessary information while planning possible railway HS/HC solutions.
Tujuan kajian ini adalah bagi mengenalpasti kesan penggunaan perisian multimedia interaktif terhadap prestasi kognitif sains biologi bagi pelajar yang berbeza tahap keupayaan spatial. Perisian ...multimedia interaktif dihasilkan dengan berpandukan kepada prinsip-prinsip reka bentuk mesej multimedia yang digubal daripada teori kognitif pembelajaran multimedia dan teori beban kognitif. Prestasi kognitif sains biologi di ukur dengan menggunakan ujian pencapaian pra dan pos. Reka bentuk kajian kuasi eksperimen digunakan dalam kajian ini. Seramai lapan puluh empat orang pelajar daripada sebuah universiti telah dipilih sebagai sampel kajian yang pemilihan adalah berdasarkan kepada kumpulan kelas sedia ada. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan tiada perbezaan yang signifikan bagi prestasi kognitif antara pelajar berbeza keupayaan yang mengikuti pembelajaran dengan perisian multimedia interaktif. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan perisian perisian multimedia interaktif dapat membantu pelajar berkeupayaan spatial rendah untuk mempelajari subjek sains biologi seiring dengan pelajar berkeupayaan spatial tinggi. Ini bermakna dapatlah dirumuskan bahawa perisian multimedia interaktif mungkin berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran bidang berorientasikan spatial dalam disiplin sains biologi. The aim of this research is to identify the effect of multimedia interactive software usage for the achievement of cognitive in biology science involving students with different spatial capabilities. Multimedia interactive software is produced by adhering to the design guidelines of multimedia which is originated from cognitive theory of learning in multimedia and cognitive load theory. The achievement was measured in using pre- and post-test. The quasi experiment design is applied to this research. Eightfour students from a local university has been selected as a research sample where the selection is based from the existing group of classroom. The research result demonstrates that the multimedia interactive software can assist in helping students with low and high spatial capability in learning biology science. It can be summarised that multimedia interactive could have potential to be used in the spatial oriented learning field in the domain of biology science.
The ethnic region of Gorna Reka is situated in the North-west part of the Republic of Macedonia, covering the upper part of the river Radika, up to Boshkov bridge on the South. According to the basic ...characteristics of the terrain, the whole ethnographic space is a mountainous region. Figuratively speaking, the region of Gorna Reka, according its natural setting, seems as an "ethnic tromp", it is isolated from the neighbouring regions with natural obstacles: mountains and rivers. The population, that has been structured through specific ethno-historical processes, today consists of Christian Macedonians and Muslim Albanians. The basic economic activities are cattle breeding and economic emigration, activities that influenced the development of the ethnic culture as a whole. Living in such a naturally isolated geographic settlement, without having a bigger urban centre near by, the population of Gorna Reka did not have a big possibility to communicate with the neighbouring regions. This is why they developed their own material, social and spiritual elements of culture. The way the village is organised as a community, that covers the rules of behaviour of its members, through nominating village employees of different kind, is a part of social life. Most of those characteristics are common for all South Slavs, but as well as for other Balkan populations.
The orebody 'Borska Reka' is dipping at great depth and above the ore body there are parts of the settlement and traffic facilities essential for the region. Geological conditions in which ore body ...occurs, low copper content in the ore and objects on the surface in addition makes the process of adopting the optimum mining method of this ore relative. In addition to the block caving and sublevel method with ore and overburden rocks collapses should be considered and sublevel and open stope mining methods with backfilling the excavated area. Possibility of application of backfill methods with cementing fill for 'Borska Reka' orebody condition are presented in this paper.
The vegetation of Buna River Protected Landscape is described. The area comprises both the alluvial plain of the lower course of the Buna river that marks the boundary between Montenegro and Albania, ...and a carbonatic range. The vegetation is characterized by a high β-diversity (27 alliances and 46 associations), especially in wetlands and dry grasslands. In the area it is possible to distinguish 1 dunal and 4 hygro-sequences in the alluvial plain and 3 xeroseries in the carbonatic range. Associations Clematido viticellae-Punicetum granati and Periploco graecae-Alnetum glutinosae are described as new.
V članku je opisana vegetacija v zavarovanega območja ob reki Buna. Območje obsega aluvialno ravnino ob spodnjem teku reke Buna, ki predstavlja mejo med Črno goro in Albanijo in karbonatnim hribovjem. Za vegetacijo je značilna visoka β diverziteta (27 zvez in 46 asociacij), še posebej pa mokrišča in suha travišča. V območju smo izločili 1 sekvenco na sipinah, 4 higro sekvence na aluvialni ravnici in 3 ksero serije na karbonatnem masivu. Asociaciji Clematido viticellae-Punicetum granati in Periploco graecae-Alnetum glutinosae sta novo opisani.
In the present study two analytical methods are applied to characterize chert artefacts and raw materials from northeastern Bulgaria (Ludogorie region): petrographic observation and laser ablation ...inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Archaeological samples from 12 Chalcolithic sites from Bulgaria are analyzed as well as raw material from 6 outcrops in northeastern Bulgaria are identified and documented during a survey in 2012 when many raw material samples were collected. The chert raw material mostly occurs in various Quaternary secondary deposits, originating from destruction and disintegration of the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) limestones in the area. The paper is aimed at tracing the provenance of the artefacts based on their petrographic characteristics and geochemical composition. The archaeological evidence shows a wide distribution of the Ludogorie chert throughout the country. On the basis of micropetrographic observations, Gurova and Nachev (2008) described two main chert types (Ravno and Kriva Reka). Our petrographic study confirmed the previous results and an additional chert type was distinguished, originating from primary and secondary deposits (quarries in Koprivetz and Krasen villages) and is represented by silicified limestones (bioclastic-peloidal packstones or grainstones). It is noteworthy that the first two types of chert were largely used for prehistoric artefact manufacturing while the last one is not attested among studied assemblages at all.
In this paper, the principles of mining between the levels H-910 and H-830 in the 'Svinja reka ' Mining District of the ' Sasa ' lead and zinc mine located in the M. Kamenica, are presented. ...Excavation has to be realized by implementation the sublevel caving mining method, while temporarily leaving the safety pillars, which have to be blasted in the second phase of excavation. The paper presents development works, as well as works for the ore blasting, based on the designed mining method. Also, the techno-economic parameters of mining method and work organization are presented.
The Rhodope Metamorphic Province in the area around the Mesta Graben (SW Bulgaria) exposes a structurally lower complex, the Pangaion‐Pirin Complex of Variscan continental crust and its cover (mostly ...orthogneiss and marble), and a higher complex, the Rhodope Terrane of mixed oceanic and continental origin with metamorphosed Jurassic arc magmatites. The boundary between the two is the top‐to‐the‐southwest Nestos Shear Zone. The regional top‐to‐the‐southwest shearing of the two basement complexes is related to the emplacement of the Rhodope Terrane over the Pangaion‐Pirin Complex along this shear zone. Syntectonic and posttectonic Alpine intrusions within the basement can provide age limits for the thrusting. Zircons from the posttectonic Teshovo (south Pirin) Granitoid Pluton in the Pangaion‐Pirin Complex yielded crystallization ages of 32 ± 0.2 Ma (LA‐SF‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb method). Zircons from two syntectonic granite plutons in the Rhodope Terrane (Dolno Dryanovo and Spanchevo) have circa 143 to 145 Ma old inherited magmatic cores and circa 55 to 56 Ma old magmatic rims. These ages, especially the presence of the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous cores in the plutons from the Rhodope Terrane, and the structural relations indicate that the southwestward thrusting of the Rhodope Terrane over the Pangaion‐Pirin Complex took place in the Paleogene. A model is proposed in which the Pangaion‐Pirin Complex represents the margin of Apulia and the structure of the Rhodopes is explained by a switch of subduction polarity from SW dipping in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous to NE dipping in the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene.
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