Članak analizira Pavlovu poslanicu Galaćanima po principima retoričkog kriticizma. Ovakav pristup biblijskim tekstovima postao je prominentan u posljednjih četrdesetak godina. Rani zagovornici ove ...metode djelovali su pod pretpostavkom da je Pavao pisao u skladu s tada poznatim retoričkim priručnicima. U tom smislu, uvod članka propituje odnos Pavlovih poslanica i antičke retorike i literarnog svijeta. Također istražuje mogućnost prihvaćanja šireg koncepta retorike kojega pruža moderno proučavanje te discipline. Uvod članka zaključuju pitanje odnosa retorike i epistolografije, kao i pitanje raspodjele retoričkog čina i njegove primjene na Poslanicu Galaćanima. Zatim započinje analiza glavnih retoričkih elemenata Poslanice Galaćanima, koja će zbog ograničenosti prostora biti nastavljena u sljedećem članku.
The article analyses Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians according to the principles of rhetorical criticism. This approach to biblical text has become prominent in the last four decades. Early adherents of this method worked under the assumption that Paul wrote in conformity with the then known manuals of rhetoric. To that effect, the introduction of the article questions the relationship between Paul’s epistles and the ancient rhetoric and literary world. It also analyses the possibility of accepting a broader understanding of rhetoric offered by the modern study of the discipline. The introduction is concluded by the question of the relationship between rhetoric and epistolography, as well as the question of partition of the rhetorical act and its application to the Epistle to the Galatians. It is followed by the analysis of the main rhetorical elements of the Epistle to the Galatians, which will, due to the limited space, be continued in a future issue of this journal.
U ovome radu razmišlja se o govoru u djelatnostima odgoja i obrazovanja te o govornim sposobnostima potrebnima odgojitelju, učitelju i nastavniku za uspješno upućivanje djece i mladih ljudi u proces ...stjecanja znanja, ali i vrlina potrebnih za dobar život i suživot s drugima. Pritom se na odgojiteljev (učiteljev, nastavnikov) govor gleda kao na jedinstvo dviju njegovih nerazdvojnih sastavnica – komunikacijske i retoričke. Ističe se, danas često zanemarena, potreba njegovanja i retoričke sastavnice odgojiteljskoga govora, ne samo komunikacijske. U tom se kontekstu donose izabrani retorički naputci za govor u odgoju i obrazovanju, oprimjereni mislima rimskoga retoričara Kvintilijana te europskoga i hrvatskoga kršćanskoga humanista Marka Marulića.
This paper contemplates the language used in education as well as the linguistic skills that pre-school teachers and teachers need to master so that they may introduce children, pupils and students into the process of knowledge acquisition and, no less importantly, the acquisition of the virtues one needs to have in order to lead a good life and live harmoniously with the individuals in their environment. The language of the (pre-school) teacher is here viewed as consisting of two inseparable components – communicative and rhetorical. The focus is on the need to cherish not only the communicative component of the (pre-school) teacher’s language, but also the rhetorical one as the latter is often neglected in the present day and age. The rhetorical component of the (pre-school) teacher’s language is exceptionally important in the instructional language used by the pre-school teacher or teacher to communicate the taught material to the students as well as in the relational speech used by the (pre-school) teacher in child nurture; i.e. in mediating when working to solve children’s problems and conflicts, in creating positive relations between individuals in an educational establishment, in creating efficient relations with the parents of the children that are being cared for, etc. In the mentioned context this paper delivers good practice guidance for (pre-school) teachers related to the values good language used in education should have. The text is inspired by two canonical European masterpieces: the work of the Roman rhetorician Marcus Fabius Quintilianus Institutio oratoria (1st century) and the work of the European and Croatian Christian humanist Marko Marulić Institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum (16th century). Many parts of the selected works are very much applicable in the education of young people today, even though centuries apart from the circumstances in which those works were created. It is shown that the fundamental values of the words a (pre-school) teacher uses when interacting with children have remained unchanged since two thousand years ago until the present day. The concept of education we have today, in which a young person acquires the knowledge they need for life as well as the virtues necessary for fruitful coexistence with the individuals in their environment, stems from classicism that has been merged with Christian values. This good language guidance exemplified by the ideas presented in the mentioned two works will contribute to the quality of the (pre-school) teacher’s language used in the education of children, but also to the speech children exchange between them and all of the speech used for communication in the educational establishment. This is due to the fact that the (pre-school) teacher provides a communicational role model used by the children to shape their own communication. Children form their vocabulary and language on the basis of the vocabulary and language the (pre-school) teacher uses. Therefore, it is crucial to repetitively point to the values of good language to be used in the education of young people.
Rana lingvistička istraživanja pokazala su da se neke od najvećih razlika između govora muškaraca i žena mogu naći na razini diskursa. Različite lingvističke strategije koje koriste u svom govoru ...uvjetovane su društvenim ulogama, odnosno različitim položajem muškaraca i žena u društvu. Uz to, strategije koje govornici koriste na diskursnoj razini često se povezuju s odnosima moći i solidarnosti. Ovaj se rad fokusira na politički diskurs retoričke razgovorne (dijaloške) vrste televizijskoga političkog intervjua. S obzirom na važnost društvenog surječja i odnosa moći u političkom govoru, postavljena su dva cilja: 1) istražiti način na koji sugovornici (novinari) komuniciraju s muškim i ženskim sugovornicima na položaju moći (premijer Andrej Plenković i predsjednica Kolinda Grabar Kitarović); 2) ispitati postoje li razlike u načinu na koji muškarci i žene argumentiraju svoje stavove u prijeporima. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da se stav sugovornika prema osobi na položaju moći razlikuje ovisno o rodu te osobe s obzirom na preklapanje i prekidanje govora. Nadalje, utvrđeno je da govoreći o istim temama vezanim za međusobnu komunikaciju, premijer i predsjednica koriste različite načine argumentiranja u odnosu na logičke pogreške i smicalice. Predsjednica koristi smicalice istančanog razlikovanja, odlaganje (ad socordiam), navođenje suprotnog primjera (exemplum in contrarium) te argumente iz korisnosti (argumentum ab utile), dok premijer koristi odlaganje i sofističke obrane koji su udruženi s natjecanjem u važnosti, antiparastazu, protupitanja, duhovite upadice koje uključuju ironiju. Takav premijerov izbor smicalica podupire narativ dominantnosti.
Early linguistic research has shown that some of the greatest differences between male and female speech can be found at the level of discourse. Different linguistic strategies depend on different social roles or different social positions of men and women. Apart from that, the strategies used at the level of discourse are often associated with power and solidarity. This paper focuses on political discourse or more precisely on rhetorical conversation (dialogue) in the form of a political TV interview. By taking into account the importance of social context and power relations in political speech, two different aims have been set: 1) to research how interviewers (journalists) communicate with men and women in the position of power (Prime Minister Andrej Plenković and President of the Republic of Croatia Kolinda Grabar Kitarović); 2) to investigate whether there are any differences in argumentation depending on the speaker’s gender. The research results have shown that the interviewer’s attitude towards the person in the position of power, as well as the number of interruptions and overlaps, differs depending on the gender of that person. Furthermore, it has been determined that the Prime Minister and the President use different methods of argumentation and different logical fallacies when talking about the subjects related to their mutual communication. The President uses fallacies such as phantom distinction, appeal to postponement or ad socordiam, exemplum in contrarium and argumentum ab utili. On the other hand, the Prime Minister uses appeal to postponement and sophisms, together with the priority argument (competition per importance), antiperistasis, counterquestions and humour including irony. The Prime Minister’s choice of fallacies supports the narrative expressing dominance.
U članku se po prvi put kritičko-analitičkom metodom vizualne retorike analiziraju radovi i vizualne taktike u formiranju reklamnih poruka o svrsi i djelovanju Plivinih proizvoda jednog od ...najznačajnijih hrvatskih dizajnera, Milana Vulpea. Rad se temelji na istraživanju sačuvanih reklamnih materijala (brošura, deplijana, oglasa) za Tvornicu farmaceutskih i kemijskih proizvoda Pliva koji su od 2014. godine postali dio fundusa Zbirke grafičkog dizajna Muzeja za umjetnost i obrt. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje načinu na koji Vulpe kroz metodički pristup dizajnu vizualnih komunikacija sustavno gradi odnos s Plivinom ciljanom publikom.
For the first time, the article analyzes works and visual tactics in the formation of advertising messages about the purpose and operation of Pliva’s products of one of the most important Croatian designers, Milan Vulpe. The work is based on the research of preserved advertising materials (brochures, leaflets, advertisements) for the Pliva pharmaceutical and chemical products factory, which since 2014 have become part of the Museum of Arts and Crafts’ graphic design collection. Special attention is paid to the way Vulpe systematically builds a relationship with Pliva’s target audience through a methodical approach to visual communication design.
This study was aimed at examining the effectiveness of Structure-Based Writing Assignments (SBWA) in minimizing learners' grammatical errors in English compositions. The assignments were focussed on ...grammatical items the learners had found the most difficult. This classroom action research involved 17 students in an advanced writing class. The results show that there were significant differences in the frequency of the learners' grammatical errors in the use of verb phrases, complex sentences, pluralization, and noun determiners before and after the provision of SBWA. The findings suggest that SBWA is an effective remedial program given in a writing class as it contributes to the development of learners' competence in English grammar
Ovaj članak nastoji upoznati čitatelja sa pitanjem cjelovitosti (integriteta) Prve poslanice Korinćanima u kojem se raspravlja kompozicijsko, tj. strukturalno jedinstvo poslanice. S jedne strane, ...imamo zagovornike cjelovitosti i jedinstva poslanice, dok, s druge strane, imamo razne teorije koje zagovaraju stav da se radi o poslanici koja je sastavljena od više izvorno različitih pisama. Upravo je glavna svrha članka učvrstiti stav o cjelovitosti poslanice kao jedinstvenog književnog djela, a ne kompilacije više dokumenata. Poslanica koja se nalazi pred nama je ista ona poslanica koju je izvorno napisao Apostol Pavao i koja je najvjerojatnije sastavljana kroz duže vremensko razdoblje. U konačnici, ovaj rad ima za cilj dokazati kako su sadašnja poslanica i Pavlova poruka Evanđelja shvatljivi i bez objašnjenja raznih teorija podjele koje nisu neophodne za njezino razumijevanje. Struktura rada stavlja naglasak na potrebu razlikovanja između pitanja autentičnosti (vjerodostojnosti), koje se bavi isključivo osobom autora, i pitanja cjelovitosti (integriteta), koje zanima sastav i struktura same poslanice. Prvi dio rada na temelju vanjskih i unutarnjih dokaza ustvrđuje vjerodostojnost Pavlovog autorstva nad Prvom poslanicom Korinćanima, koje još uvijek nije dovedeno u pitanje, za razliku od jedinstva poslanice, koje se ozbiljno propitkuje, makar većina današnjih stručnjaka još uvijek zagovara cjelovitost poslanice. Drugi dio rada u glavnim crtama objašnjava zajedničke točke raznih teorija podjele koje promatraju ovu poslanicu kao složeni dokumenat sastavljen od više pisama. Zatim se predstavljaju glavne značajke teorije srednjeg puta koja nastoji ostati nepristrana te umjesto različitih pisama govori o različitim izdanjima jedne te iste poslanice. Međutim, njezin završni prijedlog ide u smjeru viđenja Prve Korinćanima kao složene poslanice od dva izvorno neovisna pisma, čime se pretvara u samo jednu od varijanti teorija podjele koje zagovaraju nejedinstvenu i složenu narav poslanice. Nakon izlaganja o teorijama podjele i srednjeg puta, slijedi odgovor zagovornika cjelovitosti Prve Korinćanima koji uspijevaju dokazati neuvjerljivost prethodnih dokaza o podjeli te ih pobijaju bez poteškoća značajnim argumentima u korist književnog i svekolikog jedinstva poslanice. Treći i posljednji dio rada sažima i proširuje tvrdnje o cjelovitosti poslanice te još snažnije naglašava njezin jedinstveni sastav i strukturu. Osobito je stavljen naglasak na ishod literarno-retoričke analize u vidu uvjerljive retoričko-epistolarne strukture koja naglašava retoričko i tematsko jedinstvo poslanice kada se promatra kao deliberativno pismo ili govor koje poziva na slogu i jedinstvo unutar kršćanske zajednice u Korintu. Zaključak objašnjava da teoriji srednjeg puta, koja još traga za vlastitim identitetom, i različitim teorijama podjele nedostaju uvjerljivi i nepobitni dokazi protiv cjelovitosti i strukturalnog jedinstva Prve poslanice Korinćanima. Mnoštvo proturječnih teorija koje nastoje objasniti poslanicu kao složenicu različitih pisama ili kao plod različitih izdanja iste poslanice, zapravo predstavljaju najbolji dokaz protiv takvih teorija. U konačnici, sve dok je poslanicu moguće razumjeti i objasniti u cijelosti bez raznih teorija podjele i sve dok ona vjerodostojno prenosi izvornu Pavlovu poruku Evanđelja Isusa Krista, takve teorije su suvišne i nepotrebne.
Tujuan Penelitian : penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Retorika Da’wah Periode Madinah. Hasil penelitian : Rethorika da’wah ialah keterampilan berbahasa secara efektif, memuaskan dan ...kecerdasan dalam menyampaikan dan menampilkan ajaran Islam yang dapat digunakan untuk menyeru dan mengajak orang (manusia) ke dalam agama Islam, serta mempelajarinya, mengamalkannya dan mensyiarkannya dengan baik. Allah subahanahu wa ta’ala dalam firman-firman-Nya banyak menyeru kepada hamba-hamba-Nya dengan seruan yang khithabnya (komunikannya) umum (hai manusia), ada yang khitabnya kepada golongan tertentu seperti hai orang-orang yang beriman, hai ahlul kitab, hai bani Israil, hai orang-orang kafir, ada juga yang sangat khusus seperti : “hai hamba-hambaku,” ya adam” dan “ya Ibrohim”. Seruan-seruan ini dapat menggabarkan kasih saying, sanjungan, penghormatan, kedekatan, ketegasan, keberanian, kemuliaan dan ketinggian martabat komunikator dan lain-lain. Bila diteliti lebih mendalam lagi, Bahasa seruan itu juga ada yang dipengaruhi oleh kontek situasi dan kondisi komunikator. Kapan dan di mana komunikator itu berada dan dalam situasi menang atau kalah. Bermartabat, sederajat atau hina di hadapan komunikannya. Kesimpulan : retorika da’wah rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam pada periode Madinah ada yang besifat umum dan retorika khusus pula. Ada retorika yang menggambarkan bahwa islam itu memiliki ‘izzah (martabat yang tinggi). Retorika Islam yang santun, retorika islam itu mulia dan bermartabat. Retorika Islam itu adalah retorika yang singkat, padat, jelas, lugas, tegas, bahasanya mudah dan indah.
This paper provides a review of the history of terms which were used in Croatian literary criticism and folkloristics to name oral rhetorical genres (counting-out rhymes, tongue-twisters, blessing, ...curses, verbal charms, toasts and mocking rhymes). Relative terminological stability is currently maintained in that the terms used in contemporary research are seemingly synonyms: retorički/govornički žanrovi (rhetorical/oratorical genres) or usmenoknjiževna retorika /govorništvo (oral literary rhetoric/oratory).
The rhetoric and the stylistics – the choice of text style, genre, and rhetorical devices – of Soviet badnews discourse is analysed in this paper. This discourse is represented by 193 reports ...regarding disasters,crimes, and violation of socialistic moral which were published in the daily paper Komjaunimo tiesa (eng.The Truth of the Komsomol) in 1970–1973. It was found that the bad news in the selection of official texts of this period distinguishes by a much lower register of Newspeak – unlike as in the articles of first pages, there is almost no pathos here, the militaristic metaphors are used in the text of the article only, but they cannot be seen in the headings. One of the main rhetorical devices is an irony, which is created by using phraseology, jargon, famous quotes, dialogues, etc., – everything, which looks like a daily colloquial
language. The choice of text form which is more related to fiction than to journalism (essay, satire) may be treated as one of the pretexts which justify in the eyes of the readers an idea of an author to write in a different language than it was ordinary in the context of ideologized press language of that period. By using the corresponding rhetoric, they believed to accomplish the propagandistic aim of these texts more efficiently – to suggest an image of more safe, democratic, successful, and self-critical country than it really was.
straipsnis, santrauka, reikšminiai žodžiai lietuvių kalba; santrauka ir reikšminiai žodžiai anglų kalba Straipsnyje analizuojama politinė lyderystė, kuri kaip vieną iš įrankių elektoratui paveikti ...naudoja retoriką. Retorika reiškia derybų komunikaciją tarp skirtingų individų ieškant bendro sutarimo. Šiame teoriniame diskurse apmąstomi klasikinės retorikos, įsitvirtinusios Atėnų demokratijos pilietiškumo praktikoje, bruožai, apeliuojama į jos sugrįžimą, identifikuojamos naujos politinės komunikacijos eros – elektroninės demokratijos – ypatybės, kurios galingai transformuoja visuomenės išrinktųjų ir atstovaujamųjų santykius, kalbą. Šiuolaikinėje virtualioje agoroje politinis lyderis tiesiogiai informuoja savo rinkėją, interneto galimybės jam suteikia platų komunikacinių priemonių arsenalą rinkėjui paveikti. Naujosios medijos kuria naują politiką ir naują politinę kalbą, kuri tampa tyrėjų susidomėjimo objektu. Elektroninėje agoroje gausu komunikacinio triukšmo, vyrauja fragmentuota, išbarstyta, iš paskos slenkanti (angl. „tag cloud“) retorika. Šio straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti politinio lyderio retorikos vaidmenį demokratiniame svarstyme nuo senovinės agoros iki elektroninės demokratijos.
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