Straipsnis skirtas išryškinti probleminius rakursus besiklostančioje Derrida interpretavimo tradicijoje. Straipsnis kvestionuoja dar gyvo autoriaus galimybę tikėtis, kad jo tekstai bus ...interpretuojami pagal jo paties pasiūlytą perspektyvą. Straipsnyje pateikiama paties Derrida nusakyta dekonstrukcijos apibrėžtis kaip apibrėžties negalimybė ir trys skirtingos jo interpretavimo galimybės. Habermasas traktuoja Derrida kaip neonyčininką, pasiremdamas jo retorikos pirmumo logikos atžvilgiu iškėlimo prielaida. Tačiau Gache ir Norris mano, kad Derrida tekstai išlieka episteminės kritikos tradicijoje. Taip pat neonyčininkams priskiriamas Rorty, siekdamas atremti ir Habermaso priekaištą, kad Derrida sulyginęs loginę bei retorinę kalbos funkcijas, ir polemizuodamas su Derrida kaip transcendentalinio mąstytojo interpretacija, siūlo interpretuoti Derrida Wittgensteino nominalistinio projekto horizonte. Straipsnyje prieinama prie išvados, kad maiiausiai nutolsta nuo paties Derrida apsibrėžto dekonstrukcijos projekto kaip tik tokia interpretavimo strategija.
Tujuan penelian ini untuk mengungkap retorika da’wah Dr. Zakir naik dalam menda’wahkan Islam kepada kaum Nashrani. Metode penelitian menggunakan kualitatif. Hasil dalam penelitian ini berdasarkan ...data-data yang bisa penulis dapatkan selama penelitian berlangsung kemudian penulis analisa berdasarkan teori Aristoteles, maka penulis dapat menyimpulkan sebagai berikut: Secara Ethos (sikap/kredibilitas komunikator), beliau menampakkan sikap bijak dalam menjawab semua pertanyaan dari komunikan. 2. Phatos (respon kumunikan). 3. Logos (isi pesan yang di sampaikan secara logis), isi pesan komunikasi yang banyak disampaikan oleh Dr. Zakir Naik ialah isi pesan yang disampaikan secara logis dan ilmiah, sehingga sangat mudah untuk mendapatkan respon yang positif dari setiap komunikan. Sebagaimana dibuktikan pada sebuah video yang di unggah pada Youtube.co.Lampu Islam pada tanggal 3 April 2017 di UMY (Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta) dengan dialog bertema wanita Kristen akhirnya mengakui kebenara Islam. Terbukti bahwa Dr. Zakir Naik beretorika didalam dakwahnya menggunakan teori retorika Aristoteles yaitu Ethos, Pathos, dan Logos. Dapat kita lihat Dr. Zakir Naik sanggup menunjukkan kepada khalayak bahwa dia memiliki pengetahuan yang luas dengan memberikan sebuah contoh dan analogi yang mudah dipahami, sehingga memiliki kepribadian yang terpercaya, dan status yang terhormat dihadapan khalayak. Selain itu Dr. Zakir Naik mampu menyentuh hati khalayak, emosi, harapan, kebencian dan kasih sayang peserta diskusi dengan argumen yang Dr. Zakir Naik sampaikan bahwa agama Islam adalah agama kedamaian. Kemudian Dr. Zakir Naik pun meyakinkan kahalayak dengan mengajukan bukti atau yang kelihatan sebagai bukti.
Analizom mnogih retoričkih
sredstava može se utvrditi kako je njihova učinkovitost utemeljena na suglasju
više jezičnih razina, od fonološke do sintaktičke i da se upravo u njihovoj
konstrukcijskoj ...simboličkoj strukturi, u smislu Langackera (1987), koja
povezuje fonološku i značenjsku razinu može naći razlog njihovoj univerzalnosti
i uporabnoj vrijednosti otpornoj na protok vremena. Jedna od retoričkih figura
koja se analizom političkog i javnog diskursa općenito pojavila kao vrlo uspješna
u svojoj retoričkoj funkciji uvjeravanja jest i apofaza ili pretericija (Škarić
2008) jer u formi negacije sadržaja zapravo privlači pozornost slušatelja i
stvara koncept koji se, na prvi pogled, želi negirati. Apofastičke se strukture
najčešće rabe u svrhu difamacije ili neizravne pohvale osoba ili pojava i
oslanjaju se na izazivanje zanimanja slušatelja stvaranjem određenih očekivanja
na temelju naočigled negiranog sadržaja.
Korpusna analiza tipičnih apofastičkih
konstrukcija u hrvatskom jeziku na primjerima iz političkog i medijskog
diskursa u korpusu hrWaC pokazala je da se npr. zavisne objektne rečenice nakon
glagola govorenja vrlo često rabe kao metoda uvođenja određenog pojma ili sadržaja
koji se, površinski gledano, želi negirati suprotnim ili isključnim rečenicama.
Tako se pretragom korpusa na slučajnom odabiru 100 rečenica s konstrukcijom
Ne želim reći da…, ali/nego/no…
utvrdilo da je čak 26 % primjera imalo tipičnu apofastičku
funkciju uvođenja određenih tvrdnji zaobilaznim putem, tj. njihovom negacijom:
Pritom ne želim reći da ona laže, nego samo to da imamo isključivo
njezinu stranu priče
. Polazeći od
konstrukcijske naravi jezičnih izraza, u radu ćemo detaljno analizirati tipičnu
sintaktičku strukturu apofastičkih konstrukcija s fokusom na pretericijske
primjere i ulogu složenih rečenica u stvaranju željenih retoričkih i
kognitivnih učinaka.
By analysing various
rhetorical figures, it may be established that their efficiency is based on the
interaction of several linguistic levels, from the phonological to the syntactic
one. Precisely their symbolic constructional structure, as proposed by Langacker
(1987), which connects the phonological and semantic poles may be the reason
for their universality and usage value resistant the passage of time. In our
analysis of political and public discourse in general one of the rhetorical
figures showed as particularly successful in its rhetorical function of
persuasion is apophasis or praeteritio (Šakrić 2008). It has a form of negating
the content of the utterance while it actually attracts the attention of the
listener by creating the concept which is, at the first glance, to be negated.
Apophastic structures are most frequently used with the purpose of defamation
or indirect praise of individuals or phenomena and relies on raising the
interest of listeners by creating specific expectations on the basis of the obviously
negated content. Corpus analysis of typical apophastic constructions in
Croatian in examples from political and media discourse in the hrWaC corpus
showed that e.g. dependent object clauses after verbs of speaking frequently
serve as a method of introducing a specific concept or content, which is,
superficially viewed, to be negated by a following contrast or exclusive
clause. Our corpus search on a randomly chosen hundred sentences containing the
construction “Ne želim reći da…, ali/nego/no…” (‘I don’t want to say that…,
but/still/however…’) established that even 26% of examples had a typical apophastic
function of introducing specific claims in a roundabout way, i.e. by negating them:
Pritom
ne
želim reći
da ona laže, nego samo to
da imamo isključivo njezinu stranu priče
.
By this I don’t want to say that she’s
lying, but that we have only her side of the story.
Adopting the constructional nature of
linguistic expressions, we shall analyse in more detail a typical syntactic
structure of apophastic constructions with the focus on praeteritio examples
and the role of complex sentences in creating the desired rhetorical and
cognitive effects.
ABSTRACTThis study is aimed at investigating the rhetorical structure of Introduction chapters of English master theses written by Indonesian postgraduate students and identifying the frequency of ...communicative moves and their constituent steps as well as finding how the students justify their research projects reported in their Introduction chapters. The research design was mixed method research combining quantitative and qualitative method. Twenty Introduction chapters of English master theses were taken from two different fields; English language education and applied linguistics, and they were analyzed using checklists. The results: (1) three moves and fifteen steps are found in the introduction chapters of master theses and three newly identified steps other than those specified in Bunton’s are also found in the corpus of this study and (2) three moves are considered obligatory moves, seven steps are classified as obligatory, four Steps are conventional and seven Steps are optional. Further, the majority of Indonesian postgraduate students tend to rhetorically justify their research project based on the knowledge gap found in the literature. This study concludes that the move and step model suggested by Bunton (2002) and modified from Swales’ CARS is effective enough to capture the possible rhetorical structure of introduction chapter of master thesis written by Indonesian postgraduate students. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pola retorika bab pendahuluan dalam thesis bahasa Inggris diantaranya mengidentifikasi bagian pendahuluan yang memiliki moves (tahapan), steps (langkah), dan menjustifikasi pentingnya penelitian dilakukan. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode campuran (mixed method) yang menggabungkan kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dan instrumen utama yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data adalah instrumen ceklist. Data penelitian ini diambil dari dua bidang thesis yang berbeda; pengajaran bahasa Inggris dan fitur linguistik. Hasil dari penelitian ini: (1) tiga Moves (tahapan) dan limabelas Steps (langkah) ditemukan dalam bab Pendahuluan thesis pada penelitian ini. Selain itu, ditemukan juga tiga Steps (langkah) baru yang tidak ditemukan dalam pola Bunton (2002); (2) tiga Moves (tahapan) dikategorikan harus/wajib ada, tujuh Steps (langkah) diiklasifikasikan harus ada, empat Steps (langkah) boleh ada, dan tujuh Steps (langkah) boleh tidak ada. Selanjutnya, mayoritas mahasiswa pascasarjana Indonesia cenderung secara retoris menjustifikasi proyek penelitian mereka berdasarkan pada celah (gap) yang terdapat dalam penelitian-penelitian terkait terdahulu. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pola tahapan (Move) dan langkah (Step) yang dikemukakan oleh Bunton (2002) dan dimodifikasi dari pola retorika Swales yakni Creating a Research Space (CARS) cukup efektif digunakan dalam menggambarkan struktur retorika bab pendahuluan pada thesis yang ditulis oleh mahasiswa pascasarjana Indonesia.How to Cite: Pujiyanti, I. A., Arsyad, S., Arono. (2018). Rhetorical Structure Analysis on Introduction Chapters of English Master Theses by Indonesian Postgraduate Students. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 5(2), 143-162. doi:10.15408/ijee.v5i2.8423
Paveikiojo diskurso argumentacijos ypatumai straipsnyje analizuojami retoriniu aspektu. Siekiama atskleisti, kaip verbaliniame reklamos lygmenyje funkcionuoja retorinis apeliavimo į laiką argumentas ...(lot. argumentum ad tempus) – nustatyti pagrindinius apeliacijų raiškos modelius ir jų santykį su reklamos objekto verte. Retorinė tyrimo prieiga grindžiama viena iš pamatinių retorinės tradicijos kategorijų – kairos – tinkamo laiko ir erdvės diskurso įtikimumui skleistis principu: retorikos teorijoje kairos apibrėžiamas kaip teisingo arba tinkamo laiko ir vietos kontekstas paveikiam įrodymui išsakyti. Įtikinamajame diskurse kairos yra argumentum ad tempus išeities taškas: čia aktualizuojamas įprasmintas laikas – adresatui reikšmingi įvykiai, situacijos, jausenos. Tyrimas atskleidžia, kad reklamos kuriamoje pseudotikrovėje dominuoja fragmentuoto laiko samprata: laikas patiriamas kaip išskirtinių akimirkų, simbolizuojančių esminius adresato (ne)pasitenkinimo būtimi ir buitimi momentus, santalka. Reklamos objekto vertę suponuoja jo įlaikinimas ir laiko įdaiktinimas. Pastebėtina, jog apeliavimo į laiką argumentas reklamoje funkcionuoja kaip lankstus manipuliacijos instrumentas, emocinis dirgiklis, aktualizuojantis „čia ir dabar“ efektą.
Brojni retorički priručnici ističu važnost profiliranja publike u javnomu govoru. Kaže se da nema loše publike već samo govora koji je neprilagođen određenoj publici i govornikov je zadatak pronaći ...retorička sredstva kojima će doprijeti do svojih slušača. O publici ovisi ne samo izbor teme ili središnje misli već i izbor riječi, figura, primjera i ilustracija. U uvodnomu dijelu rada iznose se načini profiliranja te elementi publike kojima je potrebno posvetiti pozornost u pripremi govora. U istraživačkom dijelu analizira se govor 10 svećenika koji se u svojim propovijedima obraćaju mladima (na Susretu hrvatske katoličke mladeži, na Planinarskom križnom putu za mlade, studentske kapelane...). Naime, jedan od izazova Crkve u 21. stoljeću jest privući mlade vjernike, zadržati ih na misi i navesti da pozorno prate propovijedi pri čemu je uloga propovjednika vrlo važna. U radu se analizirao sadržaj propovijedi, osobito figurativnost te govorna izvedba. Rezultati su se zatim usporedili s propovjednicima koji nisu usko profilirali publiku i pokazalo se da su razlike velike. Propovijedi namijenjene mladima bile su figurativnije, osobnije i ekspresivnije, a izvedba je bila ležernija i spontanija. U radu se daje pregled retoričkih elemenata koji svećenicima pomažu da se približe mlađoj publici, da zadrže njihovu pozornost i ostvare pozitivne povratne reakcije.
In Other Words Schiffrin, Deborah
02/2006, Letnik:
v.Series Number 21
eBook
What we say always consists of prior words, structures and meanings that are combined in new ways and re-used in new contexts for new listeners. In this book, Deborah Schiffrin looks at two important ...tasks of language - presenting 'who' we are talking about (the referent) and 'what happened' to them (their actions and attributes) in a narrative - and explores how this presentation alters in relation to emergent forms and meanings. Drawing on examples from both face-to-face talk and public discourse, she analyses a variety of repairs, reformulations of referents, and retellings of narratives, ranging from word-level repairs within a single turn-at-talk, to life story narratives told years apart. Bringing together work from conversation analysis, interactional sociolinguistics, cognitive semantics, pragmatics, and variation analysis, In Other Words will be invaluable for scholars wishing to understand the many different factors that underlie the shaping and re-shaping of discourse over time, place and person.
Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui retorika Presiden Joko Widodo dalam mempersuasi masyarakat Indonesia dalam rangka menghadapi pandemi Covid-19 dengan perspektif sosiolinguistik. Adapun metode ...yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif, bahwa sistematika penulisan ataupun metode penelitian kualitatif itu merupakan satu prosedur penelitian yang kata-kata atau tulisan orang yang kita jadikan obyek tersebut serta prilakunya dapat kita amati serta dideskripsikan, yang kemudian penelitian ini disebut dengan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kalimat ataupun kata-kata yang diucapkan oleh Presiden Joko Widodo semuanya mengandung politis, karena dari sepuluh pokok pikiran Jean Stilwell Peccei dan Jason Jones, hanya satu pokok pikiran saja yang tidak penulis temukan dalam kalimat maupun kata Presiden Joko Widodo yaitu pokok pikiran Paralelisme. Menurut peneliti itu merupakan hal yang lumrah bagi seorang Presiden, karena ia merupakan pemimpin politik tertinggi di Indonesia, karena setiap kata maupun kalimat yang ia lontarkan, akan sangat berpengaruh bagi pemerintahannya serta masyarakat umumnya.
Argumentacija (2011) akademika Ive Škarića je prvo djelo domaćeg autora u kojem se teži sustavnoj obradi ovoga, kod nas još uvijek zanemarenoga područja. U radu se nastoji predstaviti temeljne ...pretpostavke Škarićevog viđenja argumentacije s posebnim naglaskom na pojmovno određenje argumentacije, njezinu opću strukturu i vrijednosne sudove kao njezino tematsko područje. Zatim se nastoji ukazati na određeni broj teorijskih, terminoloških i stilskih teškoća koje, prema mišljenju autora rada, ozbiljno ugrožavaju potencijal argumentacije da bude uspješno propedeutičko djelo šire upotrebe.
The rapid technological growth of the past few decades has introduced dramatic changes in publishing technology, accompanied by an ever-increasing access to that technology. Publishing has largely ...moved from the print shop to desktop. With more people having to deal with publication design (whether in MS Word or in professional design software), general knowledge of typography has become more significant in their work. In addition, typography has been facing new challenges as “page media” (books, magazines etc.) are becoming increasingly visual in order to serve the needs of a visually mediated society. These changes caused the emergence of new approaches dealing with typography as a visual medium.The object of this article is the impact of typography on the visual communication of a book. The theoretical part describes the history of typography and visual communication theories. The analysis showed that typographic elements can carry symbolic meanings and for this reason, typography has to be analyzed in the fields of semiotics and medium theory. Conducted qualitative research was designated to determine the predominant viewpoint amongst Lithuanian book designers on the topic.The following conclusions have been drawn: typography has a strong pictorial potential, various typefaces (or fonts) carry different connotations and have diverse influences on the readability, assimilation, interpretation, and impact of the words and concepts they represent. Thus, if a document is a perceptual object, readers actively make judgments as they look at the page. Their perceptions of that page and its typeface(s) are determined in part by their prior experiences and by the associations connected with those experiences. It follows logically that readers could ascribe persona to both the typeface and the text itself based on these perceptions and associations. Additionally, it has been observed that Lithuanian book designers use such techniques in their works. Nevertheless, Lithuania has not developed a strong typographic culture yet due to the lack of typographic traditions and theoretical works regarding this field.This article can be useful for publishing houses and their book designers, students and teachers of book graphics, book design and typography. Based on the theoretical and empirical material collected in this work, further researches can be made analyzing typographic culture in Lithuania.
Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyros irdokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: justina.bakutyte@gmail.com Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas pagrindinio tipografikos elemento – šrifto – funkcionavimas komunikacinėje knygos sistemoje. Šios temos mokslinių tyrimų, kuriuose būtų analizuojamos retorinės ir simbolinės šrifto savybės bei knygos vizualumo problematika, Lietuvoje nėra. Remiantis ekspertų apklausos interviu metodu surinktais duomenimis bei mokslinės literatūros analize, aprašytos tipografikos ir vizualinės komunikacijos teorijos, jų tarpusavio sąryšis, atskleistas Lietuvos knygos dailininkų požiūris į tipografikos įtaką vizualinei knygos komunikacijai. Prieita prie išvados, kad šriftas, kaip vienas iš knygos grafikos elementų, gali įgauti retorinių ar simbolinių konotacijų ir tokiu būdu kurti savitą diskursą.
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