Consent is central to the delivery of healthcare, and all healthcare professionals must obtain consent before proceeding with any interventions. The nature of informed consent allows the patient to ...fully participate in any proposed healthcare interventions. Informed consent requires high-quality information to be given that enables the patient to fully understand all the benefits as well as the risks associated with proposed interventions. This approach respects the right of the patient to self-determine what happens to their body provided they have the relevant capacity to understand the nature of the proposed intervention. Although consent may be seen as a procedural ‘must’, the importance of the dialogue that takes place between the patient and the clinician is what determines the validity of the consent as advocated by the Supreme Court ruling in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board (Scotland) 2015. It is noted that the number of legal cases related to consent has risen since the Montgomery decision.
The outcome of the British referendum on European Union (EU) membership sent shockwaves through Europe. While Britain is an outlier when it comes to the strength of Euroscepticism, the ...anti-immigration and anti-establishment sentiments that produced the referendum outcome are gaining strength across Europe. Analysing campaign and survey data, this article shows that the divide between winners and losers of globalization was a key driver of the vote. Favouring British EU exit, or 'Brexit', was particularly common among less-educated, poorer and older voters, and those who expressed concerns about immigration and multi-culturalism. While there is no evidence of a short-term contagion effect with similar membership referendums in other countries, the Brexit vote nonetheless poses a serious challenge to the political establishment across Europe.
Abstract
In this work, we show a proposal involving differential and vectorial equations to obtain the scalar surface of a wavefront (
W
) and the transversal aberration (
TA
) from the Bi-Ronchi ...test (BRT). The execution and computation times of this technique are significantly lower than those corresponding to the Ronchi test (RT). Moreover, it provides wavefront results along the axes
X
and
Y
by using bi-Ronchi ruling (bRR) with periods in
XY
. In the case of mirrors, this technique provides complete information of the whole surface along
XY
from a single test, with the potential to be applied in the other optical elements to measure their wavefronts. Hence, we propose the construction of square meshes, bRR type meshes, using Al and Au atomic depositions in glass substrates with different periods in
XY
, allowing us to observe bi-Ronchigrams. The captures of Bironchigrams enabled us to perform the analysis of the transversal aberrations in terms of the Zernike polynomials described by circular polynomials and an angular function with respect to the azimuthal term. We build a matrix solution from the vectors used to identify the centroids in the bi-Ronchigram higher-intensity zones, also considering the Rayces’ equations from which the wavefront and the transversal aberrations are simultaneously obtained. We discuss and compare our results with the RT. Finally, we highlight an additional result related to the proposed technique, involving the contention of the Ronchigram in the Bi-Ronchigram, resembling the case where the BRT contains the RT.
Antitrust regulations are meant to promote fair competition in the market, but balancing administrative and legal costs with enforcement can be difficult when multilayered supply chains are involved. ...The canonical example of this challenge is the landmark
Illinois Brick
ruling, which limits antitrust damages to only the direct purchasers of a product; for instance, consumers can file antitrust claims against colluding retailers but not against colluding manufacturers—only retailers can file claims against manufacturers. This controversial ruling was meant to reduce legal costs, but it can clearly lead to missed enforcement opportunities. In this paper, we demonstrate how the
Illinois Brick
ruling interacts with contracts adopted in the supply chain, and we show that otherwise equivalent supply chain arrangements can have markedly different effects. In particular, we find that wholesale price, minimum order quantity, revenue sharing, and quantity discount contracts lead retailers to take legal action against manufacturers in the event of collusive behavior. However, the wholesale price plus fixed fee contract structure (also known as a two-part tariff or slotting fee contract) facilitates collusion among the manufacturers with retailers compensated by the fixed fee and not filing the antitrust litigation. We further demonstrate that collusion is more likely under high demand uncertainty and high competition at the retail level but is less likely under high competition at the manufacturer level. Our paper helps public enforcers identify market conditions conducive to antitrust violations.
This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
This study examines the capital-market effects of tipper-tippee insider trading laws. To do so, I exploit the unexpected decision issued by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in U.S. v. ...Newman 773 F.3d 438, which reduced legal jeopardy for Second Circuit-based market participants prior to being overturned. Consistent with Newman constraining insider trading enforcement, I find strong evidence of plausible insider trading in the Second Circuit following the ruling. I also document a substantial reduction in general trading activity in Second Circuit stocks, as well as an increase in daily quoted spreads and the price impact of trading. These findings are consistent with unchecked insider trading increasing transaction costs and crowding-out investors. In total, my results show that tipper-tippee insider trading restrictions play an important role in bolstering market integrity, and that market participants can to some degree counteract insider trading when public regulation is constrained.
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